Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of ECMO Cohort by Outcome Statusa
| Variable | All (n=99) |
Died in hospital (n=42) |
Survived to discharge (n=57) |
p-valueb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VABS-II <85 or death within 12 months after ECMO (n=17) |
VABS-II ≥85 (n=26) |
No follow-up data (n=14) |
||||
| Age group | 0.894 | |||||
| Neonate (<30 d) | 51 (52) | 23 (55) | 7 (41) | 16 (62) | 5 (36) | |
| Infant (30 d to <1 y) | 21 (21) | 9 (21) | 5 (29) | 3 (12) | 4 (29) | |
| Child (1 to <12 y) | 19 (19) | 7 (17) | 4 (24) | 3 (12) | 5 (36) | |
| Adolescent (≥12 y) | 8 (8) | 3 (7) | 1 (6) | 4 (15) | 0 (0) | |
| Male | 54 (55) | 24 (57) | 10 (59) | 14 (54) | 6 (43) | 0.687 |
| Race | 0.924 | |||||
| Caucasian | 51 (52) | 21 (50) | 8 (47) | 16 (62) | 6 (43) | |
| African American | 33 (33) | 15 (36) | 5 (29) | 8 (31) | 5 (36) | |
| Other race | 15 (15) | 6 (14) | 4 (24) | 2 (8) | 3 (21) | |
| Hispanic | 9 (9) | 4 (10) | 2 (12) | 1 (4) | 2 (14) | 1.000 |
| Weight (kg) | 4.0 [3.1, 11.8] | 3.9 [3, 8] | 4.5 [3.3, 10] | 3.8 [3.4, 12.0] | 7.8 [3.8, 16.4] | 0.237 |
| Primary indication for ECMO | 0.012 | |||||
| Cardiac failure | 39 (39) | 20 (48) | 7 (41) | 8 (31) | 4 (29) | |
| Respiratory failure | 33 (33) | 8 (19) | 6 (35) | 13 (50) | 6 (43) | |
| Sepsis | 8 (8) | 2 (5) | 1 (6) | 3 (12) | 2 (14) | |
| ECPR | 19 (19) | 12 (29) | 3 (18) | 2 (8) | 2 (14) | |
| Gestational age (weeks) (n=47) | 38 [37, 39] | 37.5 [37, 39] | 39 [37, 39] | 38 [37, 39] | 39 [39, 40] | 0.088 |
| Chromosomal defect | 18 (18) | 10 (24) | 5 (29) | 2 (8) | 1 (7) | 0.292 |
| Pre-ECMO neurologic diagnosisc | 20 (20) | 9 (21) | 6 (35) | 2 (8) | 3 (21) | 0.805 |
| Cardiac arrest within 7 days pre-ECMO | 40 (40) | 22 (52) | 4 (24) | 8 (31) | 6 (43) | 0.041 |
| Total duration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (minutes) | 24 [5, 59] | 12 [5, 59] | 39 [24, 72] | 31 [10, 49] | 21 [1, 40] | 0.640 |
| Pre-ECMO inotrope use | 78 (80) | 32 (78) | 14 (82) | 20 (77) | 12 (86) | 0.802 |
| Inotropic score | 13.5 [0, 30] | 10 [0, 25] | 11 [5, 20] | 20 [0, 32] | 17.5 [3, 40] | 0.167 |
| Vasoactive inotropic score | 11.5 [5, 30] | 10 [4, 25] | 15 [6, 20] | 22.5 [0, 33] | 13.8 [5, 35] | 0.226 |
a
Median [interquartile range] or n (%).
b
P-value for difference between those who died in hospital and all survivors.
c
Pre-ECMO neurologic diagnosis: seizure disorder (6), neonatal encephalopathy (6), developmental delay (7), static encephalopathy (1), rabdoid tumor (1), Coffin Siris syndrome (1), tuberous sclerosis (1), agenesis of the corpus callosum (1).
ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ECPR, extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation; VABS-II, Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Second Edition.