Table 3.

Antifungal activity of Origanum vulgare L. essential oil (OEO).

Fungal Strain	Dose	Details about the Source of the Oil and Tested Concentration	Reference
Candida albicans	MIC50 = 200 µg/mL MIC90 = 200 µg/mL MIC range = 150–250 µg/mL	Origanum vulgare. ssp. vulgare in the pre-flowering stage was collected in Piranshahr, Azarbaijan. Fungal strains were collected from mucosal layers of the oral cavity in HIV-positive patients. The in vitro antifungal effectiveness was performed using microdilution and disc diffusion methods. According to GC-FID and GC-MS analysis, the main components of OEO were: thymol (27.3%), γ-terpinene (20.7%), carvacrol (16.1% Fungal strains were collected from mucosal surfaces of the oral cavity of oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-positive patients.	[48]
	OEO 1%, after 48 h incubation, PZ(precipitation zone) = 0.90 OEO 5%, after 48 h incubation, PZ = 0.95 OEO 10%, after 48 h incubation, PZ = 0.97	Origanum vulgare L. was collected from Chile. GC-FID identified the major constituents of OEO: thymol (21.95%) carvacrol (4.71%), p-cymene (1.13%), γ-terpinene (2.43%) limonene (2.59%) The enzymatic assay tested phospholipase anti-enzymatic properties. The results were analyzed at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h by measuring the precipitation zone (PZ). The OEO at 1%, 5% and 10% presented significant reductions in the production of the phospholipase enzyme produced by Candida albicans strains.	[49]
	MIC = 0.26 mg/mL MFC(minimum fungicidal concentration) = 0.63 mg/mL	Source of the Origanum vulgare L. and chemical constituents were mentioned above in reference [38].	[38]
	MIC50 = 250 mg/L MIC90 = 500 mg/L MFC50 = 500 mg/L MFC90 = 500 mg/L	Origanum vulgare L. was collected from Lublin, Poland. According to GS-MS analysis, OEO contained carvacrol (57.3%), γ-terpinene (24.3%), p-cymene (12.5%), Antifungal activity against clinical isolates of oral Candida albicans was evaluated using the broth microdilution method	[50]
Trichophyton rubrum Trichophyton mentagrophytes	MLC = 40 μg/mL CZD = 38 mm MLC = 40 μg/mL CZD = 42 mm	Source of the Origanum vulgare L. and chemical constituents were mentioned above in [33]. Standards for comparison in antifungal tests were Nystatin BP, 100 μg/mL, with CZD = 38 mm and Fluconazole, 100 μg/mL with CZD = 34 mm (Trichophyton rubrum) Standards for comparison in antifungal tests were Nystatin BP, 100 μg/mL, with CZD = 40 mm and Fluconazole, 100 μg/mL with CZD = 35 mm (Trichophyton mentagrophytes).	[34]
Aspergillus flavus	MLC = 320 μg/mL CZD = 36 mm	Source of the Origanum vulgare L. and chemical constituents were mentioned above in reference [33]. Standards for comparison in antifungal tests were Nystatin BP, 100 μg/mL, with CZD = 40 mm and Fluconazole, 100 μg/mL with CZD = 38 mm.	[34]
	MIC = 100 µg/mL, MFC = 100 µg/ml	Origanum vulgare ssp. gracile was harvested from Iran. Phytochemical constituents were not mentioned. MIC and MFC values were obtained by agar disk diffusion and microwell dilution methods.	[51]
	MIC = 0.16 mg/mL, MFC = 0,35 mg/mL	Source of the Origanum vulgare L. and chemical constituents were mentioned above in reference [38].	[38]
Malassezia furfur	MIC = 780 µg/mL	Source of the plant was not mentioned OEO was characterized by GC and GC-MS and presented high contents of thymol (45.43%) and ɣ-Terpinene (23.69%). MIC against Malassezia furfur strains that had shown resistance to fluconazole was measured according to the broth microdilution protocols.	[52]
Penicillium funiculosum Penicillium ochrochloron	MIC = 0.25 mg/mL MFC = 0.61 mg/mL MIC = 0.33 mg/mL MFC = 0.71 mg/mL	Source of the Origanum vulgare L. and chemical constituents were mentioned above in reference [38].	[38]