Table 7.

In vitro anticancer activity of Origanum vulgare L. essential oil (OEO).

Details: Source, Phytochemical Composition; Dose, Formulation	Cancer Cell Line	Cell Proliferation, Apoptosis, Cytotoxicity, Dose, Incubation Time, Effect	Reference
Origanum vulgare L. was harvested from Chile. GS-MS assay of the OEO showed that 4-terpineol 41.17% was the major component, followed by thymol (21.95%), c-terpinene (5.91%), and carvacrol (4.71%). Cancerous cells were treated with the OEO ranging from 10 to 500 mg/mL.	human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) human colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29)	The cytotoxicity test was performed by sulforhodamine B assay. Cancer cells were incubated for 72 h with OEO. The most effective concentration for HT-29(human colon adenocarcinoma) and MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma) was 50 mg/mL and cell growth inhibition was 60.8% and 48.9%, respectively.	[71]
Origanum vulgare L. was collected from Basilicata Region, Southern Italy. According to GS-MS and GS-FID, thymol and carvacrol were the main phytocompounds (74.8%), followed by citral (2.5%). Tested concentrations ranged from 100 to 800 µg/µL.	hepatocarcinoma cell line (HepG2) non-tumour cell line (HEK293)	The cytotoxicity test was performed by MTT assay. They also analysed the cell morphology using phase-contrast microscopy. Cancer cells were incubated for 24 h with OEO IC50 = 236 µg/µL for HepG2 cells IC50 = 310 µg/µL for HEK293 cells HepG2 cells treated with OEO (236 µg/µL, for 24 h) showed morphological changes, such as detaching in the degradation phase.	[70]
OEO was purchased from Berjé USA. Chemical constituents of OEO were identified by GC–MS and consisted in: thymol (65.84%), p-cymene (9.86%), γ-terpinene (6.73%) Tested concentrations of OEO were: 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 μg/mL.	human stomach cancer (AGS)	Antiproliferative property of OEO in AGS was determined by MTT assay. Cancer cells were incubated for 48 h with OEO. IC50 = 13.4 μg/mL The best antiproliferative activity of OEO was found to be 100 μg/mL.	[72]
Source of the material plant and chemical constituents were mentioned above in reference [38]. Tested concentrations of OEO were 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 μg/mL	human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) T-cell lymphoblast (Jurkat) colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29) urinary bladder carcinoma (T24)	In comparison to positive controls (vinblastine sulfate and taxol) OEO presented significant antitumoral activities against: MCF-7 (IC50 = 8.11 µg/mL, taxol-IC50 = 0.08 µg/mL), HeLa (IC50 = 13.41 µg/mL, vinblastine-IC50 = 2.5 µg/mL) Jurkat (IC50 = 27.05 µg/mL, vinblastine-IC50 = 0,1 µg/mL) HT-29 (IC50 = 12.18 µg/mL, vinblastine-IC50 = 12.18 µg/mL) T24 (IC50 = 105.5 µg/mL, vinblastine-IC50 = 63.31 µg/mL)	[38]
OEO was purchased from Edens Garden, San Clemente, CA, USA. OEO was encapsulated (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%) into nanofibres of PLCL/SF polymers by electrospinning Phytochemical constituents of the essential oils were not mentioned	mammary carcinoma (mouse) 4T1 cell line	Cell viability was measured by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The incubation time for the cells on the material was 24, 48, and 72 h NF membranes with 5% and 7.5% OEO contents presented a strong antiproliferative effect after 72 h (p < 0,05)	[61]