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. 2020 Dec 19;12(12):1468. doi: 10.3390/v12121468

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Phylogenetic analysis targeting the VP1 region of hepatitis A virus (HAV) strains detected in samples from all five WWTPs. (A) HAV strains of the “SAn Major cluster” are highlighted. For better visualisation, branches are coloured blue, green, orange, red and brown to represent virus lineages from WWTP1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. Previously characterised HAV strains from wastewater (●) and clinical (●) sources in Gauteng and from Swaziland (●) are indicated. HAV strains detected after viability treatment are indicated with ■ (sewage) and ▲ (treated discharge). (B) HAV strains characterised from WWTP4 before and after viability treatment are highlighted. The neighbour-joining trees were constructed using the Kimura two-parameter model. Bootstrap values greater or equal to 70% are shown at the nodes.