Table 1.
The tissue ultrasound palpation system (TUPS) stiffness in kPa (mean ± SD) (n = 64).
| Lying | Standing | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Level | Male (n = 32) |
Female (n = 32) |
Male (n = 32) |
Female (n = 32) |
p-Value | Partial Eta Squared, ηp2 |
| T3 | 172.0 ± 42.8 † | 166.5 ± 46.4 † | 192.3 ± 55.7 *† | 122.7 ± 27.8 *† | Main effect: | |
| Gender: <0.001 | 0.292 | |||||
| T7 | 157.8 ± 32.5 | 155.8 ± 45.2 † | 150.8 ± 36.9 * | 104.9 ± 26.7 *† | Posture: 0.707 | 0.002 |
| Level: <0.001 | 0.601 | |||||
| T11 | 153.3 ± 27.0 | 144.4 ± 36.1 | 148.3 ± 32.0 * | 111.3 ± 37.6 * | Interaction effect: | |
| Gender * level:<0.001 | 0.111 | |||||
| L1 | 162.1 ± 29.0 † | 168.3 ± 48.4 † | 194.7 ± 55.7 *† | 137.5 ± 36.0 *† | Gender * posture: <0.001 | 0.481 |
| Posture * level: <0.001 | 0.355 | |||||
| L4 | 205.5 ± 36.2 † | 182.7 ± 45.2 † | 303.3 ± 80.6 *† | 180.5 ± 46.7 *† | Gender * level * posture: <0.001 | 0.069 |
* Indicates significant gender difference at a certain level and posture. † Indicates significant posture difference at a certain level for each gender.