Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants (N = 578).
| n | % | M | SD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal factor | ||||
| Age (years) | 31.6 | 5 | ||
| ART | 58 | 10 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.3 | 3.9 | ||
| BMI < 18.5 | 97 | 16.8 | 17.5 | 0.8 |
| 18.5 ≤ BMI < 25 | 408 | 70.6 | 20.8 | 1.6 |
| BMI ≥ 25 | 73 | 12.6 | 29.08 | 3.8 |
| GDM | 42 | 7.3 | ||
| Maternal stress exposure during pregnancy (Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale questionnaire) | 258.5 | 157.2 | ||
| Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale ≥ 300 | 181 | 31.3 | ||
| Smoking | 35 | 6.1 | ||
| Drinking | 38 | 6.6 | ||
| Gestational age (weeks) | 38.6 | 1.6 | ||
| Preterm birth | 38 | 6.6 | ||
| Birth weight (g) | 2962 | 373.7 | ||
| SGA | 30 | 5.2 | ||
| Newborn sex (male) | 298 | 51.6 | ||
| Placental weight (g) | 543.2 | 107.9 | ||
| Placental weight < 500 g | 187 | 32.4 | ||
| Cord blood telomere length (T/S ratio) a | 1.0 b | 0.7–1.5 c |
Note. SD = standard deviation; M = mean; ART = assisted reproductive technology; BMI = body mass index; ICSI = intracytoplasmic sperm injection; GDM = gestational diabetes mellitus; SGA = small for gestational age; T/S ratio = ratio of telomere repeats copy number to single-gene copy number. a Log-transformed to obtain normal distributions. b Median. c Interquartile range.