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. 2020 Dec 19;10(12):2556. doi: 10.3390/nano10122556

Table 2.

Electrochemical (bio)sensing strategies involving multifunctional carbon nanomaterials.

Electrode Nanomaterial/Role (Bio)sensing Approach/Format Detection Technique Target Analyte LR/LOD Sample Ref.
-Magnetic carbon nanomaterials-
CPE m-CNTs@MIP/selective detection Sensor Voltammetry Levofloxacin 0.003–0.440 μM/0.8 nM. Spiked serum, urine [78]
SPCE m-MWCNTs/nanocarrier tag for Ab2 Sandwich-type immunosensor Amperometry (H2O2 + HQ) Fetuin 20–2000 pg mL−1/16 pg mL−1 Saliva [79]
SPCE AuNPs-Fe3O4-GS/electrode modifier Aptasensor SWV CTCs 5–500 cells mL−1/3–4 cells mL−1 Whole blood [80]
GCE Pb2+@AuNPs-MWCNTs-Fe3O4/label for Ab2 Sandwich-type immunosensor Amperometry
(H2O2)		 AFP 10 fg/mL–100 ng mL−1/3.33 fg mL−1 Spiked serum [81]
AuE Fe3O4/GO electrode modifier for avastin Ab1 immobilization Label-free immunosensor DPV
[Fe(CN)6]3−/4− 		VEGF 31.25–2000 pg mL−1 Plasma [82]
GCE Au@Ag/GS-Fe3O4/Cd2+/electrode modifier for immobilization of anti-IgG Label-free immunosensor Amperometry IgG 5 fg mL−1–50 ng mL−1/2 fg mL−1 Serum [83]
SPCE Fe3O4@AuNPs/NGr Aptamer DPV Leukemia cancer cells 10–106 cell mL−1 Plasma [84]
ITO Fe3O4@PDA/rGO/electrode modifier for Ab1 immobilization Sandwich-type immunosensor CV MC-LR 0.01–50 mg L−1/0.007 mg L−1 Water [85]
GCE GS-Fe3O4/Au@Ag/Ni2+/label for Ab2 loading Sandwich-type immunosensor Amperometry CEA 0.1 pg/mL–100 ng/mL/0.0697 pg/mL Serum [86]
GCE Fe3O4@AuNPs/rGO/electrode modifier for cortisol immobilization Immunosensor/Direct
competitive		 DPV
(H2O2/HRP)		 Cortisol 0.1–1000 ng mL−1/0.05 ng mL−1 Serum [87]
CPE Fe3O4/rGO-PANHS/electrode modifier for BRCA1 5382 insC ssDNA immobilization Label-free DNA biosensor EIS BRCA1 5382 insC mutation. 1.0 × 10−18–1.0 × 10−8 mol L−1/2.8 × 10−19 mol L−1 Spiked genome samples [88]
GCE CNP-L/CuONP/MWCNTs/Pe Enzymatic biosensor Amperometry Triglycerides 0.001–0.05 g L−1/0.0032 g L−1 (triolein) Serum [89]
GCE Fe3O4/CNTs/GO for aptamer immobilization Label-free aptasensorr DPV
[Fe(CN)6]3−/4− 		Diclofenac 100–1300 pM/
33 pM		 Ampoules [90]
PtE HRP/Fe3O4/Chit/rGO/electrode modifier Enzymatic biosensor CV H2O2 up to 100 μM - [91]
SPCE C@GNRs/electrode modifier for immobilization of ssDNA DNA hybridization biosensor CV
Fe(CN)63− 		ssDNA - - [92]
GCE ZnFe2O4/α-Fe2O3/Gr/electrode modifier Non-enzymatic Amperometric Glucose 1–10 mM - [93]
GCE Fe3O4@TMU-21/MWCNTs/electrode modifier Label-free immunosensor Amperometric
(H2O2)		 HER2 1.0 pg mL−1–100 ng mL−1/0.3 pg mL−1 Serum [94]
-Carbon nanozymes-
GCE ZnCr2O4/MWCNTs/electrode modifier Enzyme-free sensor Amperometry H2O2 50 μM–34.8 mM/<0.11 μM Lens cleaning solution [95]
GCE RuNPs/MWCNTs-Av/HRP mimic nanozyme Modified electrode Amperometry H2O2 5.0 × 10−7 M–1.75 × 10−3 M/65 nM - [96]
GCE Pt-DEN/CNTs/electrode modifier, HRP mimic nanozyme Enzyme-free sensor Amperometry H2O2 3–400 μM/0.8 μM H2O2 released from living cells [97]
GCE Fe3O4/CNTs/GO/electrode modifier, HRP mimic nanozyme Enzyme-free sensor
and enzyme biosensor (GOx)		 CV (H2O2)
Amperometry (glucose)		 H2O2,
glucose		 0.01–0.50 mM (H2O2)
0.050–5.0 mM (glucose)		 - [98]
GCE CDs/MWCNTs/electrode modifier, HRP mimic nanozyme Enzyme-free sensor Amperometry H2O2 3.5 × 10−6–3.0 × 10−4 M/0.25 μM H2O2 released from living cells, serum [99]
GCE Au-Ag/MWCNTs/electrode modifier Enzyme-free sensor CV Gastric cancer cells-volatile biomarkers up to 0.0025% (v/v)/0.3 ppb (3-octanone), up to 0.055% (v/v)/0.5 ppb (butanone) MGC-803,
GES-1 cells		 [100]
AuE GQDs/electrode modifier, Ab1 immobilization, HRP mimic nanozyme Label-free immunosensor Amperometry Yersinia enterecolitica 6.23 × 102–6.23 × 108 cfu mL−1/5 cfu mL−1 (milk), 30 cfu mL−1 (serum) Milk, serum [101]
SPCE GDQs/MWCNTs/Ab2 and HRP nanocarrier, HRP mimic nanozyme Sandwich-type immunosensor Amperometry
(H2O2, HQ)		 IL-13Rα2 2.7–100 ng mL−1/0.8 ng mL−1 Raw cellular lysates [102]
GCE PtPd/N-GQDs@Au/electrode modifier/catalytic activity towards H2O2 Label-free immunosensor Amperometry
(H2O2)		 CEA 5 fg mL−1–50 ng mL−1/2 fg/mL Spiked serum [103]
AuE GQDs/HRP mimic nanozyme Enzyme-free sensor Amperometry H2O2 - Human breast cancer MCF-7 cells [104]
GCE Au/OMCS/electrode modifier/xanthine oxidase mimics Enzyme-free sensor DPV Xanthine 0.10–20 μM/0.006 μM Spiked urine [105]
-Multifunctional biomedical applications-
AuE rGO/insulin/Ni(OH)2/insulin releasing, glucose detection Enzyme-free sensor Amperometry Glucose 5 μM–10 mM/~ 5 μM - [106]
GCE rGO/PdNFs/electrode modifier Enzyme-free sensor Amperometry Glucose 10–90 nM/8 nM - [107]
Au/PO Gr/electrode modifier Flexible microsensor DPV Dopamine 0.3 μM to 56.8 μM/0.11 μM - [108]
CPE PVC/rGO/AuNPs/CNT/electrode modifier Dual microcatheter SWV Propofol,
fentanyl		 25–125 μM (PPF), 10–50 nM (FTN) Whole blood [109]
GCE rGO/MB-AuNPs/electrode modifier, immobilization of aptamer-Fc Ratiometric aptasensor SWV VEGF 2–500 pg mL−1/0.1 pg mL−1 Serum [110]
GCE rGO/MB/electrode modifier Ratiometric sensor DPV Cerebral ascorbic acid 0.5 μM–1000 μM/
10 nM		 Brain micro-dialysate [111]
needle-type electrode rGO/AuNCs/immobilization of ssDNA Micro-aptasensor
(hybridization)		 DPV
(MB)		 Adenosine 0.1 nM–1 mM/~0.1 nM In vivo
(rat body)		 [112]
micro-electrode array rGOPtNPs/electrode modifier Microsensor DPV Norepinephrine -/0.08 μM Brain silice secretion [113]
GCE rGO-MWCNTs
/Chit/CQDs/aptamer immobilization		 Label-free aptasensor DPV, EIS
[Fe(CN)6]3−/4− 		Lysozyme 20 fmol L−1–10 nmol L−1/3.7 fmol L−1 (DPV);
10 fmol L−1–100 nmol L−1/1.9 fmol L−1 (EIS)		 Spiked serum, urine [114]
-Multifunctional carbon nanomaterials for signal amplification-
SPCE V-Phe-SWCNT
(-HRP)/carrier tag for immobilization of Ab2 		Sandwich-type immunosensor Amperometry TGF-β1 2.5–1000 pg mL−1/0.95 pg mL−1 Saliva [115]
AuE COOH-MWCNTs/AuNPs/immobilization of thionine and aptamer Aptasensor DPV Tetracycline 0.1 nM–1 μM/0.06 nM - [116]
GCE AuNPs-rGO/electrode modifier and Ab1 immobilization; SWCNTs-GQDs/carrier tag for Ab2 immobilization Sandwich-type immunosensor SWV
(H2O2)		 CEA 50–650 pg mL−1/5.3 pg mL−1 Spiked serum [117]
GCE Pt@Au-P-C60-rGO electrode modifier for immobilization of SH-aptamer and GOx Label-free aptasensor CV Sulfadime-thoxime 10−5–50 ng mL−1/8.68 fg mL−1 Spiked milk [118]
GCE Pd/g-C3N4-CNTs/electrode modifier Sensor DPV EE2 2.0 × 10−6 –1.5 × 10−4 M/5.0 × 10−7 M Chicken and pig foodstuffs [119]
GCE GOx/Au/MXene/Nafion Enzyme biosensor Amperometry glucose 0.1–18 mM/5.9 μM - [120]
AuNPs/ GCE c-g-C3N4/carrier tag for Ab2 immobilizantion Sandwich-type immunosensor DPV Procalcitonin 0.01–1.0 pg mL−1/2.0 fg mL−1 Plasma [121]
dSPCE GQDs/MWCNTs/HRP, carrier tag for Ab2 immobilization Dual sandwich-type immunosensor Amperometry
(H2O2, HQ)		 IL-13Rα2,
CDH-17		 4.92–100 ng mL−1/1.4 ng mL−1
(IL-13sRα2);
0.11–10 ng mL−1/0.03 ng mL−1 (CDH-17)		 Lysates from breast and colorectal cancer cells [122]
GCE Chit@AB-MWCNTs/AuNPs/electrode modifier for immobilization of aptamer and specific binding to GO-ZEN Apt. Aptasensor DPV
([Fe(CN)6]3−/4−)		 ZEN 10 fg mL−1–1 ng mL−1/
3.64 fg mL−1 		Corn oil and corn flour [123]

AFP: alpha-fetoprotein; CDH-17: cadherin-17; CEA: carcinoembryonic antigen; C@GNRs: carbon-graphene nanoribbons; Chit: chitosan; CNP-L: lipase immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles; CQDs: carbon quantum dots; CTCs: circulating tumor cells; CPE: carbon paste electrode; CTCs: circulating tumor cells; CuONP: cupric oxide nanoparticles; CV: cyclic voltammetry; EE2: 17α-ethinylestradiol; EIS: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; Fe3O4@TMU-21: magnetic framework TMU-21; GCE: glassy carbon electrode; GN: graphene nanosheet; GO: graphene oxide; GOx: glucose oxidase; GQDs: graphene quantum dots; GS: graphene sheets; HER2: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; HRP: horseradish peroxidase; IL-13Rα2: receptor α2 of interleukin-13; ITO: indium tin oxide; MB: methylene blue; LOD: detection limit; m-CNTs: magnetic carbon nanotubes; MC-LR: microcystin-LR; OMCS: ordered mesoporous carbon/silica; NGr: nitrogen doped graphene; PANHS: polycyclic aromatic nitrogen heterocycles; Pe: pectin; SPCE: screen-printed carbon electrode; P-C60: poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)-fullerene C60; PdNFs, paladium nanoglowers; PO: poluolefin; SWV: square wave voltammetry; TGF-β1: transforming growth factor-β1; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; ZEN: zerealenone.