Table 4.
Electrochemical biosensors and biosensing methods involving multifunctional silica nanomaterials.
| Electrode | Nanomaterial/Role | Biosensing Approach/Format | Detection Technique | Target Analyte | LR/LOD | Sample | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -MSNs- | |||||||
| Disk AuE | Janus type Au-MSNs modified with Strep and HRP on the Au and MS faces, respectively/Signaling tags | Affinity-based/Direct | CV and EIE ([Fe(CN)6]4-/3-) |
- | - | - | [185] |
| GCE coated with SWCNTs | Janus type Au-MSNs modified with GOx and HRP on the Au and MS faces, respectively/Electrode modifier | Enzyme-based | Amperometry (H2O2+ HQ) | Glucose | 490 nM–600 μM/360 nM | Commercial soft drinks | [186] |
| SPCE | Janus type Au-MSNs modified with biotin thiol-modified anti-CEA DNA hairpin aptamer and HRP on the Au and mesoporous silica faces/Signaling tags and avidin-modified Fe3O4@SiO2 NPs/Solid support | Aptamer-based/Direct | Amperometry (H2O2 + HQ) | CEA | 1–5000 ng mL−1/1.2 pM | Spiked human blood plasma | [183] |
| - | MB-loaded aptamer-gated MSNs (MCM-41)/Electrode modifiers | Aptamer-based/Direct | DPV (MB) | OTA | Up to 50 nM/0.003 nM | Doped wheat samples | [164] |
| AuNPs-SPCE | MB-loaded MSNs and capped with an avidin/imminobiotin stimulus-responsive gate-like ensemble/Nanocarriers of signaling elements | Aptamer-based/Direct | DPV (MB) | CEA | 1.0 pg mL−1–160 ng mL−1/280 fg mL−1 | Human serum samples (5-fold diluted) | [187] |
| - | Glucose-loaded DNAzyme-capped MSNs | Affinity-based/Direct | PGM | Pb2+ | 1.0 pM–0.7 nM/1 pM | Spiked drinking water | [188] |
| - | Glucose-loaded wrapping DNA-capped MSNs | Telomerase + dNTPs-assisted extension | PGM | Telomerase | 100–5000 HeLa cells mL−1/80 HeLa cells mL−1 | HeLa extracts | [189] |
| - | Glucose-loaded DNA-gated MSNs | DNA-based/Direct | PGM | Hg2+ | 0.1–80 nM/0.1 nM | Spiked tap water and lake water |
[190] |
| - | Aptamer-capped MSNs with glucose loaded on GO nanosheets attached to the aptamer through π-stacking interactions | Aptamer-based/Displacement | PGM | AsO3- | 0.01–100 ng mL−1/2.3 pg mL−1 | River, lake, seawater and tap water | [179] |
| - | “Dual gates” aminated magnetic mesoporous silica nanocomposites loaded with glucose and bearing PDA-aptamer two-tier shells |
Aptamer-based/Direct | PGM | AFB1 | 0.03–8 ng mL−1/0.02 ng mL−1 | Pearl rice, maize and wheat | [191] |
| GCE | Au-MSNs/Electrode modifier | Aptamer-based/Direct | DPV ([Fe(CN)6]4−/3−) |
Codein | 10 pM–100 nM/3 pM | - | [156] |
| Graphite SPE | AuNPs/SBA-15@DABCO/Electrode modifier | Aptamer-based/Direct | DPV (hemin) | CAP | 0.03–0.15 μM and 0.15–7.0 μM/4.0 nM | Spiked human blood serum | [169] |
| SPCE | AuNPs/Fe3O4@SiO2/DABCO/Electrode modifier | Aptamer-based/Direct | LSV (epirubicin) | Epirubicin | 0.07 μM–1.0 μM and 1.0 μM–21.0 μM/0.04 μM | Spiked human blood serum | [152] |
| GCE | AMSNs (MCM-41)/Electrode modifier | Aptamer-based/Direct | DPV (electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen by hemin) | Hemin and Hb | Hemin and Hb: 1.0 × 10−19–1.0 × 10−6 M/Hemin: 7.5 × 10−20 M, Hb: 6.5 × 10−20 M | Blood (Hb) | [163] |
| GCE | AuNPs incorporated in AMSNs (MCM-41)/Electrode modifier | Aptamer-based/Direct | EIS ([Fe(CN)6]4−/3−) |
CEA | 1.0 × 10−3−100.0 ng mL−1
9.8 × 10−4 ng mL−1 |
Human serum | [154] |
| GCE | GQDs-CS/KCC-1-NH2-Tb/Electrode modifier | Aptamer-based/Direct | DPV (TB) | AFB1 | 0.1 μM–1 fM/LQ = 10 fM | Spiked milk samples | [173] |
| GCE | MWCNTs-MSNs (MCM41)-Hb/Electrode modifier | Enzymatic-based (Hb DET) | Amperometry | NO2-, TCA | NO2−: 1.0 × 10−7–1.25 × 10−4 M/16 nM TCA: 5.0 × 10−5–2.7 × 10−2 M/3 μM |
Spiked tap water | [165] |
| GCE | PAMAM–rGO/electrode modifier and mSiO2@MWCNT/nanocarriers of Thi, platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs), and hemin/G-quadruplex bioelectrocatalytic complex |
Aptamer-based/Sandwich | DPV (H2O2) | Thrombin | 0.0001–80 nM/50 fM | Spiked human serum | [178] |
| GCE modified with HDGMs | Au-MSNs modified with Thi/Signaling tags | Aptamer-based/Sandwich | DPV (Thi) | Thrombin | 0.03 pM–0.018 μM/15 fM | Spiked fetal calf serum | [151] |
| GCE | TRSiNs doped with Thi/electrode modifier and GMSNs/nanocarriers of STR-BSA and HRP | Antibody-based/Competitive | DPV (H2O2+Thi) | STR | 0.05–50 ng mL−1 5 pg mL−1 |
Spiked samples (honey, milk, kidney, and muscle) | [192] |
| GO–AuNPs-modified GCE | Fe3O4@SiO2–NH2/Nanocarriers of Fc-COOH and DAb | Antibody-based/Sandwich | DPV (H2O2+Fc) |
CEA | 0.001 ng mL−1–80 ng mL−1/0.0002 ng mL−1 | Spiked human serum samples | [182] |
| RGO-GCE | Mesoporous SiO2 decorated with DAb and CdSeTe@CdS quantum dots (QDs) or Ag nanoclusters (NCs)/nanocarriers of signaling elements | Antibody-based/Sandwich | ASV (Ag, Cd) | Bcl-2 and Bax | 1–250 ng mL−1/∼0.5 fmol | Nilotinib-treated chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells |
[180] |
| AuNPs-GO modified GCE covered with MIPs for RhB |
DNA-modified SiO2@AgNPs/Tracing tag | DNA-based/Sandwich | DPV (RhB) | BRCA-1 | 10 fM–100 nM/2.53 fM | Spiked human serum | [193] |
| -SiO2-SPAABs- | |||||||
| GO-GCE | SiO2-SPAABs decorated with HRP and DAb/Nanocarriers | Antibody-based/Sandwich | DPV (H2O2 + ODP) | human IgG (HIgG) | 100 pg mL−1–100 μg mL−1 | Spiked serum samples | [194] |
| -Si MSs- | |||||||
| AuNPs-GCE | Au-Si MSs modified with signal molecules (Zn2+) and antibodies (Ab)/Signaling tags | Mixed aptamer and antibody-based/Sandwich | SWV (Zn2+) | CRP | 0.005–125 ng mL−1/0.0017 ng mL−1 | Real serum samples | [195] |
| -MSF- | |||||||
| Disk AuE | NH2-MSF/Electrode modifier | Biocatalytic-based | CV/EIS ([Fe(CN)6]4−/3−) |
TGase activity (in the presence of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-glutaminylglycine) and indirectly of Pb2+ due to TGase activity irreversible inhibition | TGase activity: 0.4–185 μU mL−1 Pb2+: 4.0–500 μM |
- | [196] |
| Disk AuE | DNAzyme-gated MSF/Electrode modifier | DNAzyme-based | SWV ([Fe(CN)6]4−/3−) |
Cu2+, AA | Cu2+: 310 ppb–4.5 ppm/250 ppb AA: 1.0–120 μM/700 nM |
Certified water samples (Cu2+) and Redoxon® pills (AA) | [174] |
| Disk AuE | DNA-gated MSF/Electrode modifier | DNA-based biosensing approach | SWV ([Fe(CN)6]4−/3−) |
E. coli 16S rRNA |
Synthetic target DNA, a copy of partial region of the E. coli 16S rRNA gene (position 432–461 according to the 5′→3′ nucleotide sequence): 5–700 nM/ 2.5 nM |
Raw E. coli lysate | [175] |
| Disk AuE | Aptamer-gated MSF/Electrode modifier | Aptamer-based biosensing approach | DPV ([Fe(CN)6]4−/3−) |
PSA | 1 to 300 ng mL−1/280 pg mL−1 | Spiked artificial urine samples and blood serum from a healthy individual | [176] |
| AuE | AgNPs-MSF/Electrode modifier | Aptamer-based biosensing approach | DPV ([Fe(CN)6]4−/3−) |
STR | 1 fg mL−1–6.2 ng mL−1/0.33 fg mL−1 | Spiked milk and blood serum samples | [177] |
AA: ascorbic acid; AFB1: aflatoxin B1; AMSNs amino-functionalized MSNs; AMMS: aminated magnetic mesoporous silica nanocomposites; ASV: anodic stripping voltammetry; BRCA-1: breast cancer susceptibility gene; Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2; Bax: Bcl-2-associated X protein; CAP: chloramphenicol; CEA: carcinoembryonic antigen; CRP: C-reactive protein; DET: direct electron transfer; DAb: detector antibody; DABCO: 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; DPV: differential pulse voltammetry; Escherichia coli: E. coli; GCE: glassy carbon electrode; GO: graphene oxide; Fc: ferrocene; GMSNs: nanogold-assembled mesoporous silica; GQDs-CS: chitosan modified graphene quantum dot; Hb: hemoglobin; HDGMs: densely packed hierarchical dendritic gold microstructures; HIgG: human IgG; HQ: hydroquinone; HRP: horseradish peroxidase; LOD: detection limit; LQ: quantification limit; LSV: linear sweep voltammetry; KCC-1-NH2-Tb: dendritic fibrous nanosilica functionalized by amine groups; MIPs: molecularly imprinted polymers; MSF: mesoporous silica film; MWCNTs: multi-walled carbon nanotubes; MB: methylene blue; MSNs: mesoporous silica nanoparticles; Si MSs: silica microspheres; SWCNTs: single-walled carbon nanotubes; TB: toluidine blue; Hb: hemoglobin; MSNs: mesoporous silica nanoparticles; OPD: o-phenylenediamine; OTA: Ochratoxin A; PAMAM: poly(amidoamine); PDA: polydopamine; PSA: prostate specific antigen; PGM: personal glucose meter; RGO: reduced graphene oxide; RhB: rhodamine B; rRNA: ribosomal RNA; Si MSs: silica microspheres; SiO2-SPAABs: silica-poly(acrylic acid) brushes; STR: streptomycin; TB: toluidine blue; Thi: thionine; TRSiNs: three-dimensional redox-active organosilica nanostructures; SPCE: screen-printed carbon electrode; SPE: screen-printed electrode; SWV: square wave voltammetry; STR: streptomycin; TCA: trichloroacetic acid; TGase: transglutaminase.