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. 2020 Dec 16;25(24):5964. doi: 10.3390/molecules25245964

Figure 32.

Figure 32

Development of a unified push-pull model: (a) Lactone−zwitterion−cation equilibrium of rhodamine B; (b) Four representative substitution sites of rhodamine derivatives that affect lactone-zwitterion-cation equilibrium; (c) Molecular structures of representative rhodamine dyes 1−17 used for the calculations. Adapted with permission from [286]. Copyright (2020) American Chemical Society.