Table 1.
Summary of seaweeds with CH4 mitigation effects in vitro.
| Seaweed | Seaweed Dose (% of Dry Matter (DM) or OM Incubated) | CH4 Decrease vs. Control | Effects on TGP, TVFA and Digestibility | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alaria esculenta extract (B) | 13, 23, 31 | Linear ↓ with increasing dose | TGP, n.e.; ↓DOM with ↑ dose | [9] |
| Ascophyllum nodosum (B) | 11.1 | ↓15% at 24 h | ↓TGP, ↓TVFA | [10] |
| Asparagopsis taxiformis (R) | 5 | n.e. at 24 h, ↓74% at 48 h | Not measured | [52] |
| 1, 2 | ↓>99% | n.e. on TGP or DOM | [45] | |
| 0.006, 0.013, 0.025, 0.05, and 0.1 | ↓100 for ≥0.05 | ↓TGP (24, 48 h) for ≥0.05 | [45] | |
| 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10 | ↓100% for ≥1% | ↓TGP for ≥2%; ↓DOM for 10%; ↓VFA for ≥1% | [11] | |
| 2% | ↓100% | ↓TGP; ↓TVFA; DOM-72 h, n.e. | [11] | |
| 16.6 | ↓100% | ↓TGP | [49] | |
| 0.07, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, and 16.8 | n.e. for ≤0.5%, ↓85% for 1%, ↓100% for ≥2% | ↓TGP for ≥1%; ↓DOM for ≥10%; ↓TVFA for ≥0.5% | [46,47] | |
| 2 | ↓100% | ↓TGP | [53] | |
| Caulerpa taxifolia (G) | 16.6 | ↓33% | TGP, n.e. | [49] |
| Chaetomorpha linum (G) | 16.6 | ↓40% | ↓TGP | [49] |
| Chondrus crispus (Irish moss) (R) | 0.5 | ↓12% | n.e. on TVFA or DOM | [54] |
| Cladophora patentiramea (G) | 16.6 | ↓66% | ↓TGP | [49] |
| Colpomenia sinuosa (B) | 16.6 | ↓49% | ↓TGP | [49] |
| Cystoseira trinodis (B) | 2, 3.8, 7.4, 13.8 | ↓73% for ≥3.8% only | ↓TGP | [50] |
| 16.6 | ↓45% | ↓TGP | [49] | |
| Dictyota bartayresii (B) | 16.6 | ↓92% | ↓TGP | [49] |
| Furcellaria spp. (R) | 0.5 | ↓10% | n.e. on TVFA or DOM | [54] |
| Gigartina spp. (R) | 25 | ↓56% | TGP, n.e. | [51] |
| Gracilaria spp. (R) | 2, 4, 5, 7 | ↓49% for 2%, small ↓ for ≥4% | ↓TGP for 2%; other doses, n.e. | [55] |
| Gracilaria vermiculophylla (R) | 25 | ↓41% | TGP, n.e. | [51] |
| 25 | ↓37% | ↓TGP | [51] | |
| Hormophysa triquetra (B) | 16.6 | ↓44% | TGP, n.e. | [49] |
| Hypnea pannosa (R) | 16.6 | ↓43% | TGP, n.e. | [49] |
| Laurencia filiformis (R) | 16.6 | ↓40% | ↓TGP | [49] |
| Oedogonium spp. (FW) | 16.6 | ↓30% | ↓TGP | [49] |
| 10, 16.7, 25, 50, 75, and 100 | n.e. at ≤25%, ↓17% for 50%, ↓55% for 75%, ↓72.5% for 100% | ↓TGP for ≥10%; ↓DOM and ↓TVFA for ≥16.7% | [47] | |
| Padina australis (B) | 16.6 | ↓51% | ↓TGP | [49] |
| Sargassum flavicans (B) | 16.6 | ↓34% | TGP, n.e. | [49] |
| Ulva ohnoi (G) | 16.6 | ↓45% | ↓TGP | [49] |
| Ulva spp. (G) | 16.6 | ↓50% | ↓TGP | [49] |
| 25 | ↓45% | TGP, n.e. | [51] | |
| Zonaria farlowii (B) | 5 | ↓11% at 24 h only | Not measured | [52] |
B, brown; DM, dry matter; DOM, degradability of organic matter; F:C, forage:concentrate ratio; FW, fresh water algae; G, green; n.e., no effect; OM, organic matter; R, red; TGP, total gas production; TVFA, total volatile fatty acids.