Table 1.
Major antimicrobial peptides from farm animals.
| AMPs | Source | Activity | Structure | Mode of Action |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CATHELICIDIN | ||||
| Indolicidin | Bovine neutrophils [58] |
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, yeast, and fungi [59,62,63] |
Extended helix [24,25] |
Membrane thinning, disruption of the membrane by channel formation, inhibition of DNA synthesis, and topoisomerase 1 [24,41,42,43,44,45] |
| BMAP-18, BMAP-27, BMAP-28,and BMAP-34 | Bovine myeloid cells [40] |
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, viruses, fungi, trypanosomes, and tumor cells [40,64,65,66,67,68,71,72,75,76] |
α-helix [9,76] |
Formation of small channels in the bacterial membrane resulting in the release of small ions, transition pores in mitochondria, and LPS neutralization [9,40,69,73,74], |
| Bac-5 and Bac-7 | Bovine neutrophil [101] |
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria [101] |
Combination of α-helix and β-sheet [27] |
Inhibits protein synthesis by entering via bacterial inner membrane transporter SbmA and YjiL/MdtM [102,103] |
| eCATH1, eCATH2, and eCATH3 | Equine neutrophils [14] |
Broad-spectrum [14,106,107] |
α-helix [14] |
N.A. |
| Protegrin | Porcine Lung and intestine [121] |
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, PRRSV, and yeast [18,119,121,122,124,125,126,127,128,135] |
β-sheet [17,18,19,20] |
Pore formation in the bacterial cell membrane and immunomodulation [120,129] |
| PR-39 | Porcine intestine, upper and lower respiratory tract [137] |
Gram-negative bacteria and Mycobacterium tuberculosis [144,145,146] |
Combination of α-helix and β-sheet [27] |
Halts DNA and protein synthesis by exerting proteolytic activity and acts as a calcium-dependent chemoattractant for neutrophil [40,143,144] |
| Prophenin 1 | Porcine leukocytes [147] |
More effective against Gram-negative bacteria and less effective against Gram-positive bacteria [147,148] |
β-sheet (homology modeling) |
N.A. |
| Cecropin P1 | Porcine small intestine [150] |
Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and viruses [152,153,154] |
α-helix [12,13] |
Disruption of lipid bilayer using the carpet model [12,34] |
| PMAPs | Porcine bone marrow [155] |
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and nematodes [155,156,157,158] |
α-helix [11] |
Permeabilize bacterial membrane [155,156,157] |
| ChBac3 and ChBac5 | Caprine leucocytes [164] |
Broad-spectrum [164,166] |
N.A. | Membrane disruption [165] |
| OaBac5, OaBac7, and variants | Ovine leucocytes [164] |
Broad-spectrum [164,168] |
N.A. | depolarization of the cytoplasmic membranes [168] |
| SMAP29 | Ovine myeloid cells [10] |
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and yeast [169] |
α-helix [10] |
Permeabilize bacterial membrane [35] |
| DEFENSINS | ||||
| TAP | Bovine mucosal epithelial cells and mammary epithelial cells [77,78] |
Broad-spectrum [77,81,82,83] |
β-sheet (homology modeling) |
N.A. |
| LAP | Bovine squamous epithelial cells tongue, esophagus, rumen reticulum, omasum, and chief cells of gastric glands [85,86,87] |
Broad-spectrum [84] |
β-sheet (homology modeling) |
N.A. |
| BNBDs | Bovine neutrophils alveolar tissue and pulmonary macrophages [96,97] |
Broad-spectrum [94,96] |
β-sheet (homology modeling) |
N.A. |
| EBD | Bovine epithelial cells of intestine and colon [99] |
Cryptosporidium parvum [99] |
N.A. | N.A. |
| Bovine β-defensin 1 | Urogenital tract [100] |
Strong response against Gram-negative bacteria as compared to Gram-positive bacteria [100] |
β-sheet (homology modeling) |
|
| Equine β defensin 1 | Hepatic tissue and respiratory epithelial tissue [114,115] |
Broad-spectrum [115] |
N.A | N.A |
| Equine α-defensin DEFA1 |
Small intestine [116] |
Gram-positive andgram-negative bacteriaandfungi [116,117] |
β-sheet | membrane permeabilization |
| Porcine β Defensin | Tongue, liver, kidney, small intestine, and large intestine [163] |
Broad-spectrum [160,161,162] |
β-sheet (homology modeling) |
N.A. |
| Ovine β-defensin (SBD1 and SBD2) |
Trachea, tongue, and gastrointestinal tract [167] |
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, parainfluenza virus, and M. haemolytica [167,171,172] |
β-sheet (homology modeling) |
N.A. |
| NEUTROPHIL ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDE | ||||
| eNAP-1 and eNAP-2 | Equine neutrophils [108] |
Broad-spectrum [108,109,110] |
N.A. | Selective activity against microbial serine proteases [109,110] |
| PSORIASIN | ||||
| Bovine Psoriasin | Udder | Gram-negative bacteria [47] |
N.A. | Reduces bacterial survival by zinc sequestration [47] |
| HEPCIDIN | ||||
| Equine hepcidin | Liver [111] |
N.A. | N.A. | Induces hypoferrimia by iron sequestration [46,112] |
N.A.—not available; Homology modeling-information collected from ModBase: Database of comparative protein structure models.