Table 2.
Risk of bias: assessment of study quality of articles included in the review.
| Study (Year) | Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) Scoring | Jadad Scale Scoring | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selection | Comparability | Outcome | Total Score | Randomization | Double-Blinding | Withdrawals and Dropouts | Total Score | |
| Valtonen et al. (2005) | no | yes | yes | 2 | ||||
| Steinberg et al. (1992) | yes | yes | no | 2 | ||||
| Brezinova et al. (1972) | no | no | no | 0 | ||||
| Southwell et al. (1972) | no | no | no | 0 | ||||
| Jalilolghadr et al. (2011) | yes | no | no | 1 | ||||
| Aparicio S et al. (2007) | no | yes | no | 1 | ||||
| Yamamura et al. (2009) | yes | yes | yes | 3 | ||||
| Misra et al. (2015) | yes (extra point added) | yes (extra point added) | no | 4 | ||||
| Markus et al. (2005) | no | yes (extra point added) | no | 2 | ||||
| Takada et al. (2017) | yes (extra point added) | yes (extra point added) | yes | 5 | ||||
| Tatone-Tokuda F et al. (2012) | ★★★ | ★ | ★★★ | 7 | ||||
| Sato-Mito et al. (2011) | ★★ | ★ | 3 | |||||
| Grandner et al. (2014) | ★★★ | ★ | 4 | |||||
| Kitano et al. (2014) | ★★ | ★ | 3 | |||||
★★★ high-quality, ★★ moderate-quality, ★ low-quality.