| AP1 | activating protein 1 |
| CAN | cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy |
| DKD | diabetic kidney disease |
| DPN | diabetic polyneuropathy |
| ECM | extracellular matrix |
| eNOS | endothelial nitric oxide synthase |
| GFR | glomerular filtration rate |
| GPCR | G-protein-coupled receptor |
| HAEC | human aortic endothelial cells |
| IGF-1 | insulin-like growth factor |
| IL-4 | interleukin 4 |
| IL-8 | interleukin 8 |
| Il-10 | interleukin 10 |
| IL-17 | interleukin 17 |
| JNK | c-Jun N terminal kinase |
| MAPK | mitogen-activated protein kinase |
| MCP-1 | monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 |
| MNCV | motor nerve conduction velocity |
| NF- κB | nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells |
| NGF | nerve growth factor |
| NOS | nitric oxide synthase |
| PI3K | protein kinase C |
| PKC | protein kinase C |
| ROS | reactive oxygen species |
| SNCV | sensory nerve conduction velocity |
| STZ | streptozocin-induced diabetes |
| T1D | type 1 diabetes |
| T2D | type 2 diabetes |
| TCNS | Toronto Clinical Neuropathy Score |
| TGF- | α-transforming growth factor α |
| TGF- | β-transforming growth factor β |
| VCAM-1 | vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 |
| ZEB | zinc-finger E-box binding protein |