Table 1.
Human intervention in the spread of plant viruses.
| Virus | Genus | Vector | Host | Human Intervention |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) | Babuvirus | Aphids | Banana, plantain, abaca and other plants in family Musaceae | Trade of vegetative planting and tissue culture material [9] |
| Banana streak virus (BSV) | Badnavirus | Mealybugs | Banana, Heliconia | Trade of vegetative planting and tissue culture material [10] |
| African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) | Begomovirus | Whitefly | Cassava, castor bean | Exchange of virus infected plant material. Trade of infected seeds and plant material [11] |
| Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) | Begomovirus | Whitefly | French bean, Solanaceous plants | Accidental movement of insect vector [12] |
| Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) | Caulimovirus | Aphids | Cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, brussels sprout, turnip | Virus contaminated machinery, equipment and workers [13].Trade of infected plant material [14] |
| Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) | Cucumovirus | Aphids | Soybean, tobacco, pepper | Trade of infected seeds and plant material [15] |
| Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) | Necrovirus | Olpidium brassicae | French bean, cowpea, mung bean, melon, tulip, tobacco, cucumber | Virus contaminated machinery, equipment and workers [16] |
| Plum pox virus (PPV) | Potyvirus | Aphids | Apricots, peaches, plums, almonds | Grafting, budding, and transplanting of infected plant material [17] |
| Potato virus Y (PVY) | Potyvirus | Aphids | Potato, tomato, capsicum, tobacco | Virus contaminated machinery, equipment and workers [18]. Trade of infected plant material [19] |
| Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) | Potyvirus | Aphids | Maize, sugarcane, sorghum | Trade of infected plant material [20] |
| Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) | Potyvirus | Aphids | Sweet potato, wild Ipomoea sp. Nicotiana sp. | Trade of infected tubers and cuttings, grafting, and mechanical inoculation [21] |
| Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) | Potyvirus | Aphids | Cucumber, pumpkin, rockmelon, zucchini | Virus contaminated machinery, equipment and workers [22] |
| Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) | Potyvirus | Aphids | Sugarcane and Poaceae plants | Trade of infected plant material [23] |
| Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) | Sobemovirus | Adult beetles in family Chrysomelidae, Grasshoppers |
Rice | Virus contaminated sickles, hands and crop residues. Tight contact between plants during planting [24,25] |
| Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) | Tobamovirus | Grasshoppers, Caterpillars (occasionally) | Tobacco, tomato, Solanaceous plants | Virus contaminated machinery, equipment, farmers and smokers [26,27] |
| Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) | Orthotospovirus | Thrips | Peanut, pepper, tomato | Use of infected cuttings and bulbs for propagation [28] |
| Rice tungro virus (RTV) | Tungrovirus | Leafhopper | Rice | Trade of infected seeds, and transplanting infected seedlings [29] |