Table 2.

Effects of isoflavones in bone health maintenance.

Authors	Number of Studies Included	Type of Studies Included	Number of Participants and Gender/Age/Characteristics	Compound and Doses	Observed Effects
Meta-analysis
Lambert et al., 2017 [48]	26	Randomized Clinical trials	2652 estrogen-deficient women	Isoflavones (different forms) Intervention period: ≥3 months	Moderate attenuation of bone loss, primarily at the level of the lumbar spine and the femoral neck
Akhlaghi et al., 2019 [49]	52	Controlled trials	5313 patients	Soy isoflavones 40–300 mg/day Intervention period: 1 month–3 years	Prevention of osteoporosis-related bone loss in any weight status or treatment duration
Sansai et al., 2020 [50]	63	Controlled trials	6427 postmenopausal women	Isoflavones (different forms) Intervention period: 1–36 months	Isoflavone interventions, genistein (54 mg/day) and ipriflavone (600 mg/day) in particular hold great promise in the prevention and treatment of bone mineral density
Systematic reviews
Abdi et al., 2016 [51]	23	Clinical trials	3494 participants	Isoflavones Intervention duration: 7 weeks–3 years	Probably they have beneficial effects on bone health in menopausal women but there are controversial reports about changes in bone mineral density
Perna et al., 2016 [52]	9	Clinical trials	1379 menopausal and postmenopausal women	Soy isoflavones (20–80 mg) and equol (10 mg)	May be protective in osteoporosis
Chen et al., 2019 [53]	3	1Meta-analysis 1Systematic review and 1clinical trial	3663 menopausal and postmenopausal women	Soy isoflavones	Attenuation of lumbar spine bone mineral density