. 2020 Dec 16;6(4):368. doi: 10.3390/jof6040368

Table 1.

Examples of dimorphic fungi, life history strategies, and environmental cues for morphological transition.

Lineages/Species	Life Strategy	Environmental Cues *	References
ASCOMYCOTA Saccharomycotina Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Saprobe	Nutrient limitation (carbon, nitrogen)	[14]
Candida albicans	Opportunistic human pathogen	Temperature, serum, CO₂, pH, farnesol, GlcNAc	[16]
Holleya sinecauda	Plant pathogen	Media solidity	[34]
Yarrowia lipolytica	Saprobe	Nitrogen source, GlcNAc, serum, citrate, pH, anaerobic	[21,24,29]
Taphrinomycotina Taphrina deformans	Plant pathogen	Unknown cue from host leaves	[36,37]
Schizosaccharomyces pombe	Saprobe	Nitrogen starvation	[15]
Eurotiomycetes Blastomyces dermatidis	Human pathogen	Temperature, GlcNAc	[6,30]
Coccidioides immitis	Human pathogen	Temperature	[6]
Talaromyces marneffii	Human pathogen	Temperature	[6]
Histoplasma capsulatum	Human pathogen	Temperature, GlcNAc	[6,30,38]
Sordariomycetes Sporothrix schenckii	Human pathogen	Temperature	[6]
Ophiostoma ulmi & O. novo-ulmi	Plant pathogen	Nitrogen source, inoculum density, quorum-sensing, linoleic acid	[23,39,40,41]
Verticillium albo-atrum	Plant pathogen	Culture agitation, inoculum density	[35]
Metarhizium rileyi	Insect pathogen	Host hemolymph, quorum-sensing	[42]
Dothideomycetes Zymoseptoria tritici	Plant pathogen	Nitrogen starvation	[19]
Aureobasidium pullulans	Saprobe	Nitrogen source, quorum-sensing, Zn²⁺	[22,33]
Hortaea werneckii **	Saprobe, opportunistic human pathogen	Temperature, CO₂, cysteine, inoculum size, agitation	[43,44]
BASIDIOMYCOTA Ustilaginomycotina Ustilago maydis	Plant pathogen	Mating, lipid, hydrophobicity, acidic pH, nitrogen starvation	[18,31,45,46]
Malassezia spp.	Opportunistic human pathogen	L-DOPA, lipid on mammal skin, high CO₂ tension	[47,48,49]
Pucciniomycotina Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae	Plant pathogen	Unknown	[50]
Agaricomycotina Cryptococcus neoformans	Human pathogen	Mating, nitrogen starvation, temperature, CO₂	[17]
Trichosporon cutaneum	Saprobe	Nitrogen source, pH, temperature	[20]
Tremella spp.	Saprobe, mycoparasite	Mating, ploidy status, carbon sources, nitrogen sources	[25,26]
MUCOROMYCOTA Mucor spp.	Saprobe, opportunistic human pathogen	Carbon source, CO₂	[27]

* GlcNAc = N-acetyl glucosamine, L-DOPA = L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine. ** The genus is also reported in the literature as Cladosporium and Exophiala.