Table 1.

Main biochemical processes of chronic low-grade cellular inflammation and aging.

Production of free radicals in excess (oxidative stress), with injury of cell components, primarily mitochondria DNA. Consequent altered mitophagy and cell apoptosis, reduced mitochondrial biogenesis and functionality. Excess of advanced glycation end-products (excess of glycation processes). Alterations in chromosomes (degeneration of nuclear DNA, friction, shortening of telomeres, replication errors, etc.). Alterations in micro-RNA production. Proteasome degeneration (accumulation of malfolded/altered intracellular proteins).