Table 2.
Results of the systematic review.
| Reference/Year/Country | Comparator | Control Group | Tested Group | Conclusions | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline Data | Endpoint Data | Baseline Data | Endpoint Data | |||
| Akhondzadeh et al., 2001 (Iran) [12] | Placebo + oxazepam (30 mg/day) | Hamilton scale: 19.74 ± 0.83 | Hamilton scale: 5.1 ± 1.28 | Hamilton scale: 19.74 ± 0.83 | Hamilton scale: 5.5 ± 0.75 | Passiflora extract is effective in the treatment of systemic anxiety; additionally, there is a low incidence of impairment of work efficiency with Passiflora extract, as compared to oxazepam. There is a need for further research on the use of Passiflora in the treatment of systemic anxiety. |
| Aslanargun et al., 2012 (Turkey) [13] | Placebo | STAI-S: 34.8 ± 8.4; STAI-T: 35.3 ± 8.3; PAT: 95.2 ± 16.4; FTT: 72.3 ± 14.1; OAA/S: 5 ± 0; NRS: 6.6 ± 1; TDTmm: 0.8 ± 0.2; TDTnr: 0.9 ± 0.7; DSST: 30.8 ± 5; |
STAI-S: 36.6 ± 7.6; STAI-T: 38.1 ± 9.2; PAT: 99.1 ± 1.4; FTT: 72.3 ± 13.1; OAA/S: 5 ± 0.15; NRS: 6.1 ± 1.3; TDTmm:1.1 ± 0.3; TDTnr: 1.2 ± 1; DSST: 29.1± 4.8; |
STAI-S: 36.4 ± 10.9; STAI-T: 32.5 ± 9.5; PAT: 98.0 ± 2.6; FTT:67.4 ± 18.9; OAA/S: 5 ± 0; NRS:7.6 ± 0.9; TDTmm: 0.9 ± 0.2; TDTnr: 0.8 ± 0.8; DSST: 31.1 ± 5.1; |
STAI-S: 35.7 ± 10.8; STAI-T: 33.4 ± 8.7; PAT: 99.1 ± 1.7; FTT: 67.6 ± 19.8; OAA/S: 5 ± 0.15; NRS: 4.4 ± 1.2; TDTmm: 1.2 ± 0.4; TDTnr: 1 ± 0.9; DSST: 28.6 ± 5; |
Preoperative oral administration of 700 mg/5 mL of Passiflora water extract reduces the level of anxiety in patients before spinal anesthesia without changing their sedation level, psychomotor function test results, or hemodynamics. |
| Azimaraghi et al., 2017 (Iran) [14] | Oxazepam (10 mg) | NRS: 6.6 ± 1; TDTmm: 0.8 ± 0.2; TDTnr: 0.9 ± 0.7; DSST: 30.8 ± 5; |
NRS: 6.1 ± 1.3; TDTmm: 1.1 ± 0.3; TDTnr: 1.2 ± 1; DSST: 29.1 ± 4.8; |
NRS: 7.6 ± 0.9; TDTmm: 0.9 ± 0.2; TDTnr: 0.8 ± 0.8; DSST: 31.1 ± 5.1; |
NRS: 4.4 ± 1.2; TDTmm: 1.2 ± 0.4; TDTnr: 1 ± 0.9; DSST: 28.6 ± 5; |
In outpatient surgery, oral administration of Passiflora as a premedication reduces preoperative anxiety with comparable dysfunction of psychomotor functions, as compared to preoperative oral intake of oxazepam. |
| Dimpfel et al., 2011 (Germany) [16] | Midazolam (15 mg) | d2 test: 12.32 ± 4.02; memory test: 10.77 ± 3.98; ccCPT: 6.57 ± 6.17; |
d2 test: 13.59 ± 3.77; memory test: 11.51 ± 3.74; CPT: 6.87 ± 7.3; |
d2 test: 12.14 ± 3.06; memory test: 11.37 ± 3.64; CPT: 5.59 ± 5.85; |
d2 test: 13.53 ± 3.13; memory test: 11.95 ± 3.65; CPT: 7.86 ± 5.76; |
Analysis of neurophysiological changes after NEURAPAS® intake showed similarity of changes compared to sedatives and antidepressants, in EEG, without cognitive function impairment. |
| Kaviani et al., 2013 (Iran) [17] | Placebo | Corah DAS-R: 12 ± 2.66; | Corah DAS-R: 10.52 ± 2.11; | Corah DAS-R: 13.09 ± 2.42; | Corah DAS-R: 8.47 ± 2.08; | The serving of the passion flower as a premeditation is effective in reducing anxiety. Further trials with more people are needed to confirm the results. |
| Placebo | Corah DAS-R: 11.66 ± 2.39 | Corah DAS-R: 11.23 ± 2.34 | Corah DAS-R: 13.09 ± 2.42; | Corah DAS-R: 8.47 ± 2.08; | ||
| Movafegh et al., 2008 (Iran) [6] | Negative group | NRS: 5.1 ± 2; TDTmm: 0.6 ± 1; TDTnr: 0.8 ± 0.9; DSST: 24.3 ± 6.2; |
NRS: 3.88 ± 0.81; TDTmm: 0.6 ± 0.3; TDTnr: 0.9 ± 0.8; DSST: 21.5 ± 7.1; |
NRS: 4.6 ± 1.7; TDTmm: 0.7 ± 1.1; TDTnr: 0.7 ± 0.62; DSST: 23.6 ± 7.2; |
NRS: 0.97 ± 0.72; TDTmm: 0.7 ± 0.2; TDTnr: 8 ± 0.5; DSST: 22.4 ± 6.5; |
In outpatient surgery, oral administration of Passiflora as premeditation reduces anxiety without sedation. |
| Ngan and Conduit, 2011 (Australia) [18] | Placebo | NA | NA | NA | NA | Consumption of a small dose of Passiflora infusion brings short-term subjective benefits to healthy adults with mild fluctuations in sleep quality. |
| Rokhtabnak et al., 2017 (Iran) [19] | Placebo | DSST: 30.67 ± nd; Ramsy scale: 1.81 ± nd; VAS: 26.5 ± nd; |
DSST: 27.5 ± nd; Ramsey scale: 1.95 ± nd; VAS: 26.5 ± nd; |
DSST: 22.33 ± nd; Ramsey scale: 1.85 ± nd; VAS: 26.5 ± nd; |
DSST: 25.5 ± nd; Ramsey scale: 1.95 ± nd; VAS: 26.5 ± nd; |
Passiflora premedication reduces anxiety, as does melatonin, but melatonin causes less cognitive disorders compared to Passiflora. |
VAS (Visual Analogue Scale), NRS (Numerical Rating Scale), OAA/S (Observers Assessment of Alertness and Sedation Scale), DAS-R (Corah’s Dental Anxiety Scale, Revised), DSST (Digit Symbol Substitution Test), CPT (Continuous Performance Task/Test), TDT (Trieger Dot Test), PAT (Perceptive Accuracy Test), FTT (Finger Tapping Test), STAI (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), NA—not available, nd—no data