Table 3.

Risk factors for GDM.

	Risk Factors
Factors of mother	Advanced maternal age [12,13,22,33,34,35]
	Pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity [12,13,18,22,25,33,36]
	Excessive gestational weight gain [13,37,38]
	Dietary pattern [33,39,40,41]
	Cigarette smoking [13]
	Passive smoking [42]
	Parity [36]
History of disease	History of GDM [33,35,43,44]
	History of fetal macrosomia [36]
	Polycystic ovary syndrome [33,36,45,46,47]
Family history	Family history of diabetes [12,13,18,22,33,35,36,42,48]
Socioeconomic factor	Lower educational level [42]
	Lower understanding of health knowledge [42]