Factors of mother |
Advanced maternal age [12,13,22,33,34,35] |
Pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity [12,13,18,22,25,33,36] |
Excessive gestational weight gain [13,37,38] |
Dietary pattern [33,39,40,41] |
Cigarette smoking [13] |
Passive smoking [42] |
Parity [36] |
History of disease |
History of GDM [33,35,43,44] |
History of fetal macrosomia [36] |
Polycystic ovary syndrome [33,36,45,46,47] |
Family history |
Family history of diabetes [12,13,18,22,33,35,36,42,48] |
Socioeconomic factor |
Lower educational level [42] |
Lower understanding of health knowledge [42] |