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. 2020 Dec 19;21(24):9710. doi: 10.3390/ijms21249710

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of microinjection of Ex-4 on alcohol intake over a 2 h period in the early nocturnal cycle. Treatment was delivered into primary regions of the mesolimbic system, including (a) the ventral tegmental area (VTA), (b) the nucleus accumbens core (NAcC), and (c) the nucleus accumbens shell (NAcS). Injections were also administered into (d) the basolateral amygdala, (e) the dorsomedial hippocampus (DMHipp), and discrete regions of the hypothalamus, specifically (f) the arcuate nucleus (ArcN), (g) the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and (h) the lateral hypothalamus (LH). Values represent mean alcohol intake +/− SEM. * p < 0.05 compared to Veh; n = 8/site.