Table 1.
Gastric acid resistance, virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance profiles of analyzed Salmonella spp. strains.
| Isolate | Serotype | Source | Gastric Environment ResistanceMean Value ± s.d. * | Virulence Genes Profile | Antimicrobial Resistance Profile | MDR | Antimicrobial Resistance Genes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Constitutive | Induced | |||||||
| S29 | Derby | I | 1.31 ± 0.88 | 10.15 ± 3.18 | sopB | TE | ||
| S34 | Derby | I | 4.39 ± 1.87 | 10.87 ± 2.11 † | sopB | S TE S3 | • | tetA aadA1 |
| S76 | Derby | L | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.51 ± 0.52 | sopB mgtC | AMP KF K S TE S3 F | • | blaTEM strA-strB |
| S77 | Mbandaka | I | 2.67 ± 1.91 | 4.64 ± 3.38 | sopB | TE TGC S3 | ||
| S78 | Typhimurium | I | 3.68 ± 2.79 | 36.50 ± 4.34 † | spvRBC sopB rhuM pipB mgtC | NA AMP S TE TGC S3 | • | tetA blaTEM strA-strB sul2 |
| S79 | Give | I | 2.35 ± 2.76 | 8.12 ± 2.26 † | sopB | TE TGC S3 W SXT | strA-strB sul2 | |
| S80 | Livingstone | L | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.47 ± 0.66 | sopB | TE TGC S3 F | • | tetA sul2 |
| S82 | Infantis | LN | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | sopB pipB | TE TGC S3 | sul2 sul3 | |
| S83 | Typhimurium | I | 0.60 ± 0.31 | 0.53 ± 0.61 | sodCI spvRBC sopB rhuM pipB mgtC | NA AMP S TE S3 | • | tetA blaTEM strA-strB sul2 |
| S99 | Choleraesuis | L | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | sodCI spvRBC sopB pipB gipA | S TE S3 | • | tetA aadA2 strA-strB sul2 sul3 |
| S100 | Typhimurium | I | 1.44 ± 0.60 | 1.26 ± 1.10 | sodCI sopB rhuM pipB mgtC | AMP S TE S3 | • | tetB tetG blaTEM strA-strB sul2 |
| S169 | Kapemba | I | 0.31 ± 0.16 | 14.39 ± 1.00 † | mgtC | S3 | ||
| S177 | Infantis | I | 0.67 ± 0.02 | 3.01 ± 1.08 | sopB pipB | AMP S S3 | • | |
| S179 | Derby | I | 2.95 ± 1.06 | 64.20 ± 2.81 † | sopB | S3 | ||
| S184 | Kapemba | I | 0.72 ± 0.01 | 23.29 ± 3.98 † | S3 | |||
| S192 | Infantis | Ie | 0.10 ± 0.12 | 17.96 ± 3.25 † | pipB | S S3 F | • | sul2 |
| S193 | Derby | I | 6.02 ± 5.47 | 39.44 ± 12.53 † | S3 | |||
| S198 | Veneziana | I | 0.91 ± 0.56 | 29.71 ± 0.16 † | ||||
| S203 | Group 4 | I | 6.01 ± 5.69 | 32.71 ± 10.50 † | F | |||
| S272 | Derby | I | 5.61 ± 1.80 | 43.18 ± 1.24 † | sopB | |||
| S276 | Rissen | I | 13.19 ± 3.71 | 13.81 ± 1.42 | sopB | TE | tetA | |
| S293 | Bovismorbificans | LN | 0.21 ± 0.16 | 3.85 ± 0.54 † | sodCI spvRBC sopB pipB | |||
| S311 | Paratyphi B | LN | 0.66 ± 0.28 | 6.04 ± 0.21 † | sopB pipB mgtC | S | ||
| S315 | Derby | LN | 3.98 ± 1.75 | 2.54 ± 2.06 | sopB pipB mgtC | S TOB TE S3 | • | tetA aadA2 |
| S317 | London | I | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 6.48 ± 1.38 † | sopB pipB mgtC | AMP TE TGC S3 F | • | aadA2 |
| S322 | Typhimurium | I | 0.04 ± 0.04 | 3.98 ± 0.55 † | sodCI spvRBC sopB pipB mgtC | AMP S TE TGC S3 C | • | tetA tetG aadA2 sul1 |
| S324 | 40:z4,z23:- | LN | 0.53 ± 0.13 | 1.32 ± 0.52 | spvRBC sopB | S AK S3 | ||
| S327 | TMV | I | 0.34 ± 0.08 | 4.64 ± 1.12 | sopB rhuM pipB mgtC gipA | AMP S S3 F | • | tetB blaTEM strA-strB sul2 |
| S333 | TMV | I | 1.55 ± 0.60 | 4.54 ± 0.61 | sopB rhuM pipB mgtC gipA | AMP S TE S3 F | • | tetB blaTEM strA-strB sul2 |
Legend: TMV = Typhimurium Monophasic Variant; I = Intestine, L = Liver, LN = Lymph Nodes; * Percentage of survived cells; s.d. = standard deviation;† the presence of this symbol indicates a statistically significant increase of survived cells after induction; AMP = ampicillin, AK = amikacin, KF = cephalothin, C = chloramphenicol, K = kanamycin, NA = nalidixic acid, F = nitrofurantoin, S = streptomycin, STX = sulfamethoxazolo-trimethoprim, S3 = sulfonamide, TE = tetracycline, TGC = tigecycline, TOB = tobramycin, W trimethoprim. in bold, the ASSuT and ACSSuT profiles; MDR: Multi-Drug Resistant, • = These strains shoved a multidrug resistant profile.