Table 2.
Comparison of fine timing measurement (FTM)- and ultra-wideband (UWB)-based approaches.
| Parameters | FTM-Based Approach | UWB-Based Approach |
|---|---|---|
| Time transfer | Reference Broadcast Infrastructure Synchronization (RBIS) |
Precision Time Protocol (PTP) |
| Ranging | Fine Timing Measurement (FTM) | Two-Way Ranging (TWR) |
| Cost | Low | High |
| Power consumption | High | Low |
| Distance estimation accuracy | >1 m [103] | 5–10 cm |
| Smartphone compatibility | Wi-Fi RTT introduced in Android 9 (API level 28) |
Samsung Galaxy Note 20 Ultra and iPhone 11/12 contain a chip for UWB |