Table 3.
Wireless technology (Wi-Fi and BLE)-based localization system and solution.
| [-0.5+]System | [-0.5+]Tech. | [-0.5+]Signal | [-0.5+]Positioning Algorithm | Performance Metrics | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accuracy | Precision | Complexity | Scalability/ Space Dimension |
Robustness | Cost | ||||
| Horus [174] | Wi-Fi | RSS | Probabilistic method | 2 m | 90% (2.1 m) | Moderate | Good/2D | Good | Low |
| RADAR [175] | Wi-Fi | RSS | deterministic method | 3–5 m | 50% (2.5 m), 90% (5.9 m) | Moderate | Good/2D,3D | Good | Low |
| Robot assistive [176] | Wi-Fi | RSS | Bayesian approach | 1.5 m | Over 50% (1.5 m) | Medium | Good/2D | Good | Medium |
| Ekahau [177] | Wi-Fi | RSS | Probabilistic method | 1 m | 50% (2 m) | Moderate | Good/2D | Good | Low |
| IPS in [178] | Wi-Fi, IMU | RSS | Fingerprinting+PDR | 2.4 m | 88% (3 m) | High | Good/2D | Weak | Low |
| IPS in [123] | Wi-Fi | RSS | Probabilistic method | 3 m | 90% (9 m) | Moderate | Excellent/2D | Good | Low |
| IPS in [149] | Wi-Fi | RSS | Probabilistic method | 2.3 m | N/A | Moderate | Excellent/2D | Good | Low |
| IPS in [179] | Wi-Fi, IMU | RSS | Fingerprinting+PDR | 2.2 m | 90% (1 m) | High | Good/2D | Weak | Low |
| IPS in [124] | Wi-Fi | RSS | Support vector regression | 0.68 m | 90% (1.4 m) | Moderate | Excellent/2D | Good | Low |
| IPS in [150] | Wi-Fi | RSS | Probabilistic method | 2.23 m | 80% (3 m) | Moderate | Good/2D | Weak | Low |
| IPS in [172] | Wi-Fi | RSS | Probabilistic method | 1.94 m | 94% (3 m) | Moderate | Good/2D | Weak | Low |
| IPS in [180] | BLE, IMU | RSS | Proximity+PDR | 0.28 m | N/A | High | Excellent/2D | Weak | Medium |
| IPS in [72] | BLE | RSS | WCL+Fingerprinting | 1.6 m | 90% (2 m) | Moderate | Good/2D | Good | Medium |
| IPS in [134] | BLE, IMU | RSS | Proximity+PDR | 2.26 m | N/A | High | Good/2D | Weak | Medium |
| IPS in [59] | BLE | RSS | Probabilistic method | N/A | 95% (2.6 m) | Moderate | Good/2D | Good | Medium |
| IPS in [151] | BLE | RSS | Probabilistic method | 2.25 m | 76% (3 m) | Moderate | Excellent/2D | Good | Medium |
| IPS in [181] | BLE, IMU | RSS | Fingerprinting+PDR | 0.65 m | 95% (1.5 m) | High | Good/2D | Weak | Medium |
| IPS in [114] | BLE | RSS | WCL+Fingerprinting | 1.06 m | 95% (1.5 m) | Moderate | Good/2D | Good | Medium |
| IPS in [182] | BLE | RSS | Rank-based fingerprinting | 0.78 m | 70% (1 m) | Moderate | Good/2D | Good | Medium |
| IPS in [118] | BLE, Magnetic field, IMU |
RSS, Magnetic Flux |
Wk-NN+PDR | 1.31 m | 85% (2 m) | Very High | Good/2D | Weak | Low |
| FineLoc [159] | BLE IMU | RSS | Crowdsourcing, trace merge, PDR | 1.21 m | 80% (1.57 m) | High | Excellent/2D | Good | Medium |
| LiFS [158] | Wi-Fi, IMU | RSS | Crowdsourcing, deterministic method | 2 m | 90% (4 m) | High | Excellent/2D | Good | Low |
| IPS in [125] | BLE | RSS | Crowdsourcing, probabilistic method | 2.34 m | 76% (4 m) | Moderate | Excellent/2D | Good | Medium |