Table 1.
Age-standardized sociodemographic, health behavior, and clinical characteristics between low, medium, and high neighborhood social cohesion, taken from the National Health Interview Survey, 2013–2018 (n = 167,153) a.
| Neighborhood Social Cohesion | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low n = 53,364 (32%) |
Medium n = 55,163 (33%) |
High n = 58,626 (35%) |
Overall n = 167,153 (100%) |
|
| Sociodemographic | ||||
| Age, mean (S.D.), years | 44.0 (0.13) | 47.1 (0.13) | 50.7 (0.14) | 47.4 (0.10) |
| 18–30 | 18.7% | 16.2% | 13.7% | 16.3% |
| 31–50 | 21.0% | 23.5% | 26.0% | 23.3% |
| ≥50 | 60.3% | 60.3% | 60.3% | 60.3% |
| Sex/gender | ||||
| Women | 52.2% | 49.5% | 53.0% | 51.9% |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| NH-White | 61.7% | 68.1% | 77.0% | 69.2% |
| NH-Black | 14.1% | 11.7% | 7.9% | 11.1% |
| Hispanic/Latinx | 19.0% | 13.9% | 10.2% | 14.2% |
| Asian | 5.2% | 6.3% | 5.0% | 5.5% |
| Educational attainment | ||||
| <High school | 13.6% | 9.4% | 8.2% | 10.3% |
| High school graduate | 29.8% | 26.5% | 26.1% | 27.4% |
| Some college | 31.1% | 29.7% | 29.7% | 30.2% |
| ≥College | 25.5% | 34.4% | 36.0% | 32.2% |
| Annual household income | ||||
| <$35,000 | 37.3% | 26.4% | 22.8% | 28.6% |
| $35–$74,999 | 32.1% | 30.0% | 28.0% | 30.1% |
| ≥$75,000 | 30.6% | 43.5% | 49.2% | 41.3% |
| Unemployed/not in labor force | 43.6% | 39.8% | 39.6% | 40.9% |
| Occupation class | ||||
| Professional/management | 17.6% | 22.8% | 23.6% | 21.5% |
| Support services | 44.1% | 44.4% | 46.5% | 45.2% |
| Laborers | 38.3% | 32.8% | 29.9% | 33.4% |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married/living with partner/co-habited | 55.3% | 62.3% | 66.7% | 61.7% |
| Divorced/widowed | 24.0% | 19.8% | 18.4% | 20.4% |
| Single/no live-in partner | 20.7% | 17.9% | 14.9% | 17.9% |
| Region of residence | ||||
| Northeast | 18.0% | 18.9% | 18.0% | 18.2% |
| Midwest | 21.2% | 22.6% | 23.7% | 22.5% |
| South | 36.3% | 35.6% | 37.9% | 36.7% |
| West | 24.5% | 22.9% | 20.4% | 22.6% |
| Health Behaviors | Low | Medium | High | Overall |
| Sleep duration | ||||
| <6 h (very short) | 11.8% | 7.9% | 7.5% | 8.9% |
| <7 h (short) | 36.2% | 30.5% | 27.9% | 31.3% |
| 7–9 h (recommended) | 59.3% | 65.9% | 68.2% | 64.7% |
| >9 h (long) | 4.5% | 3.6% | 3.9% | 4.0% |
| Trouble falling asleep (≥3 times/week) | 25.4% | 18.6% | 16.6% | 19.9% |
| Trouble staying asleep (≥3 times/week) | 32.2% | 26.3% | 24.4% | 27.4% |
| Insomnia symptoms b | 39.0% | 31.6% | 29.3% | 33.0% |
| Woke up feeling unrested (≥3 days/week) | 50.5% | 42.1% | 36.9% | 42.8% |
| Sleep medication (≥3 times/week) | 11.5% | 9.0% | 9.1% | 9.8% |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never/quit > 12 months prior | 80.4% | 84.7% | 85.7% | 83.7% |
| Former | 1.5% | 1.3% | 1.2% | 1.3% |
| Current | 18.1% | 14.0% | 13.2% | 15.0% |
| Alcohol status | ||||
| Never | 20.3% | 18.6% | 19.3% | 19.4% |
| Former | 17.5% | 14.6% | 14.0% | 15.1% |
| Current | 62.2% | 66.9% | 66.7% | 65.5% |
| Leisure-time physical activity | ||||
| Never/unable | 37.9% | 30.5% | 28.5% | 32.0% |
| Does not meet PA guidelines | 19.4% | 19.1% | 18.2% | 18.9% |
| Meets PA guidelines c | 42.7% | 50.4% | 53.3% | 49.1% |
| Clinical Characteristics | Low | Medium | High | Overall |
| Health status | ||||
| Excellent/very good | 49.8% | 59.6% | 65.4% | 58.7% |
| Good | 30.5% | 27.6% | 23.9% | 27.2% |
| Fair/poor | 19.7% | 12.8% | 10.8% | 14.0% |
| Mental illness d | 5.7% | 2.6% | 2.2% | 3.4% |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | ||||
| Recommended (18.5–< 25 km/m2) | 30.9% | 33.1% | 34.8% | 33.1% |
| Overweight (25–29.9 km/m2) | 34.6% | 36.6% | 36.5% | 36.0% |
| Obese (≥30 kg/m2) | 34.5% | 30.3% | 28.7% | 30.9% |
| Dyslipidemia e | 51.0% | 48.5% | 50.1% | 49.7% |
| Hypertension f | 38.6% | 35.3% | 33.8% | 35.7% |
| Prediabetes/diabetes g | 20.9% | 17.3% | 15.4% | 17.6% |
| “Ideal” cardiovascular health h | 7.5% | 10.2% | 11.5% | 9.8% |
a Note all estimates are weighted for the survey’s complex sampling design. All estimates are age-standardized to the U.S. 2010 population, except for age. Percentages may not sum to 100 due to missing values or rounding. SE = standard error. b Insomnia symptoms defined as either trouble falling asleep and/or difficulty maintaining sleep 3+ times a week. c Meets PA (physical activity) guidelines defined as ≥150 min/week of moderate intensity or ≥75 min/week of vigorous intensity or ≥150 min/week of moderate and vigorous intensity. d Kessler 6-psychological distress scale score ≥13. e Dyslipidemia defined as high cholesterol in the 12 months prior to interview. Available for survey years 2011–2017. f Hypertension defined as respondents ever being told by a doctor that they had hypertension. g Prediabetes/diabetes defined as respondents ever being told by a doctor that they had diabetes or prediabetic condition. h “Ideal” cardiovascular health includes never smoking/quit >12 months prior to interview, BMI 18.5–<25 kg/m2, meeting physical activity guidelines, and no prior diagnosis of dyslipidemia, hypertension, or diabetes/prediabetes.