Table 1.
Descriptive results for predictors and dependent variables and gender differences.
| Total | Men | Women | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variables | |||||
| NRS during tattooing | 4.35 (2.60) | 4.48 (2.54) | 4.31 (2.61) | 0.359 | |
| NRS after tattooing | 2.07 (2.02) | 1.76 (1.74) | 2.15 (2.08) | 0.028 | |
| Increasing pain | Definitely not | 72 (6.59) | 7 (3.40) a | 65 (8.50) b | 0.021 |
| Rather not | 218 (19.96) | 41 (19.90) a | 177 (23.14) a | ||
| Rather yes | 370 (33.88) | 79 (38.35) a | 291 (38.04) a | ||
| Definitely yes | 311 (28.48) | 79 (38.35) a | 232 (30.33) b | ||
| Pain during tattooing | 971 (88.92) | 206 (89.96) | 765 (88.64) | 0.574 | |
| Radiating pain | 218 (19.96) | 52 (25.24) | 166 (21.70) | 0.279 | |
| Predictors | |||||
| Gender | 1092 (100.00) | 229 (21.0) | 863 (79.0) | <0.001 | |
| Age | 25.19 (6.04) | 27.38 (6.79) | 24.61 (5.69) | <0.001 | |
| BMI | 27.34 (5.14) | 28.95 (5.10) | 26.91 (5.07) | <0.001 | |
| Education | Junior high | 81 (7.42) | 15 (6.55) a | 66 (7.65) a | 0.024 |
| Vocational school | 98 (8.97) | 30 (13.10) a | 68 (7.88) b | ||
| High school | 603 (55.22) | 111 (48.47) a | 492 (57.01) b | ||
| Higher education | 310 (28.39) | 73 (31.88) a | 237 (27.46) a | ||
| Body area | Upper extremity | 492 (45.05) | 131 (57.21) a | 361 (41.83) b | <0.001 |
| Lower extremity | 211 (19.32) | 45 (19.65) a | 166 (19.24) a | ||
| Torso | 350 (32.05) | 47 (20.52) a | 303 (35.11) b | ||
| Neck | 39 (3.57) | 6 (2.62) a | 33 (3.82) a | ||
| Time | <1 h | 139 (12.73) | 11 (4.80) a | 128 (14.83) b | <0.001 |
| 1–2 h | 196 (17.95) | 16 (6.99) a | 180 (20.86) b | ||
| 2–3 h | 206 (18.86) | 39 (17.0) a | 167 (19.35) a | ||
| 3–4 h | 171 (15.66) | 40 (17.47) a | 131 (15.18) a | ||
| 4–5 h | 143 (13.10) | 31 (13.54) a | 112 (12.98) a | ||
| 5–6 h | 99 (9.07) | 40 (17.47) a | 59 (6.84) b | ||
| >6 h | 138 (12.64) | 52 (22.71) a | 86 (9.97) b | ||
| Bleeding | 755 (69.14) | 175 (76.42) | 580 (67.21) | 0.007 | |
| Stress level | No stress | 551 (50.46) | 146 (63.76) a | 405 (46.93) b | <0.001 |
| Low | 140 (12.82) | 28 (12.23) a | 112 (12.98) a | ||
| Medium | 300 (27.47) | 45 (19.65) a | 255 (29.55) b | ||
| High | 101 (9.25) | 10 (4.37) a | 91 (10.54) b | ||
| Analgesics taken before the procedure | 33 (3.02) | 9 (3.93) | 24 (2.78) | 0.367 | |
| Cycle phase | Follicular | - | 320 (29.30) | - | |
| Luteal | - | 461 (42.22) | |||
| Menstruation | - | 82 (7.51) |
Age, BMI, NRS during tattooing, NRS after tattooing: means (SDs), p from the Mann–Whitney U test. Remaining variables: number (percent), p from the chi-square test. Different letters (a, b) denote significant gender differences for a given category of the categorical variable at p < 0.05.