Table 3.
Overview of metal(loid) reduction processes in Actinobacteria.
| Actinobacteria Strains | Metal(loid) Reduction | Mediating Biomolecules | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Micrococcus lactilyticus | Au3+, Ag+, SeO32−, TeO32−, TeO42−, AsO43−, bismuthate (BiO3−), vanadate (VO34−), molybdate (MoO42−), ruthenium (Ru3+) | N.D. 1 | [157] |
| Streptomyces lividans 1326 | Hg2+ | Hg-constitutive reductase | [158] |
| Streptomyces sp. 3 M | CrO42− | Constitutive reductase | [159] |
| Microbacterium sp. MP30 | CrO42− | N.D. 1 | [160] |
| Streptomyces griseus | CrO42− | N.D. 1 | [161] |
| Thermomonospora sp. | Au3+ | Four proteins and enzymes (80–100 kDa) | [162] |
| Rhodococcus sp. | Au3+ | Intracellular proteins | [163] |
| Streptomyces thermocarboxydus NH50 | CrO42− | Extracellular “nonenzymatic” substance | [164] |
| Arthrobacter crystallopoietes ES 32 | CrO42− | NADH-dependent chromate reductase | [165] |
| Corynebacterium strain SH09 | Ag+ | Aldehyde and ketone groups of biomolecules | [166] |
| Actinobacter sp. | K3Fe(CN)6/ K4Fe(CN)6 mixture | Extracellular hydrolases | [167] |
| Corynebacterium glutamicum | AsO43− | NAD(P)H-dependent intracellular ArsC proteins | [168] |
| Streptomyces spp., Amycolatopsis sp. | CrO42− | N.D. 1 | [152] |
| Actinobacter sp. | Au3+ | Cytochrome oxidase | [169] |
| Actinobacter sp. | FeCl3 or FeCl3/FeSO4 mixture | Ferrisiderophore reductase, phosphoadenosyl sulfate, and sulfite reductases | [170] |
| Streptomyces sp. MS-2 | CrO42− | N.D. 1 | [171] |
| Brevibacterium casei AP6 | Co2+ | Intra- and extracellular proteins | [172] |
| Streptomyces sp. MC1 | CrO42− | NAD(P)H-dependent constitutive chromate reductase | [153,173,174] |
| Arthroobacter rhombi-RE | CrO42− | Intracellular enzymes | [175] |
| Streptomyces hygroscopicus | Ag+ | Secondary metabolites | [176] |
| Corynebacterium glutamicum | Ag+ | Proteins | [177] |
| Arthrobacter ramosus | Hg2+, CrO42− | MerA enzyme, intracellular enzymes | [178] |
| Arthrobacter aurescens MM10 | CrO42− | Intracellular chromate reductase | [179] |
| Flexivirga alba ST13 | CrO42− | Intracellular proteins | [180] |
| Streptomyces sp. | Ag+ | Intracellular enzymes | [181] |
| Nocardia farcinica | Au3+ | extracellular nitrate reductase | [182] |
| Arthrobacter sp. SUK 1201 | CrO42− | N.D. 1 | [183,184] |
| Arthrobacter sp. SUK 1205 | CrO42− | N.D. 1 | [185] |
| Streptomyces sp. RSF17, CRF14, Streptomyces matansis BG5, Streptomyces vinaceus CRF2, Streptomyces pulcher CRF17, Streptomyces griseoincarnatus SCF18 | CrO42− | N.D. 1 | [186] |
| Rhodococcus NCIM 2891 | Ag+ | Intracellular NADH-dependent nitrate reductase; peptides, proteins, and carbohydrates | [187,188] |
| Streptomyces sp. JAR1 | Ag+ | Intracellular NADH-dependent nitrate reductase | [189] |
| Micrococcus luteus NCIM 2379 | Au3+ | Extracellular α-amylase and TUA | [190] |
| Streptomyces sp.VITDDK3 | Au3+ | (2S,5R,6R)-2-hydroxy-3,5,6-trimethyloctan-4-one | [191] |
| Streptomyces sioyaensis Lv81-138 | CrO42− | Intracellular reductases | [192] |
| Rhodococcus pyridinivorans NT2 | Zn2+ | NAD(P)H-dependent reductase and secreted reductase | [193] |
| Streptomyces spp. and Amycolatopsis tucumanensis | CrO42− and lindane | N.D. 1 | [194] |
| Kocuria flava M-7 | Cu2+ | Intracellular proteins | [195] |
| Streptomyces minutiscleroticus M10A6 | SeO32− | Intracellular proteins | [196] |
| Acidithrix ferrooxidans PY-F3 | Fe3+ | N.D. 1 | [197] |
| Streptomyces bikiniensis strain Ess_amA-I | SeO32− | Intracellular proteins and enzymes | [198] |
| Intraspongium chromatireducens Q5-1 | CrO42− | Extracellular constitutive enzyme | [199] |
| Streptomyces rochei MHM13 | Ag+ | Intracellular proteins | [200] |
| Corynebacterium paurometabolum SKPD 1204 | CrO42− | N.D. 1 | [201] |
| Gordonia amarae | Au3+ | Glycolipids | [202] |
| Streptomyces sp. ES2-5 | SeO32− | Mycothiols and thiol-containing molecules | [203] |
| Rhodococcus etherivorans BCP1 | TeO32− | Mycothiols and thiol-containing molecules | [204] |
| Streptomyces sp. NH21 | Au3+, Ag+ | Intra- and extracellular proteins | [205] |
| Streptomyces kasugaensis M338-M1T, Streptomyces celluloflavus NRRL B-2493T | Ag+ | Proteins | [206] |
| Streptomyces parvulus DPUA 1549, Streptomyces owasiensis DPUA 1748 | Ag+ | Proteins | [207] |
| Rhodococcus etherivorans BCP1 | SeO32− | Mycothiols and thiol-containing molecules | [208] |
| Rhodococcus etherivorans BCP1 | TeO32− | Mycothiols and thiol-containing molecules | [209] |
| Streptomyces spp. M7, A5, and MC1, Amycolatopsis tucumanensis | CrO42− | N.D. 1 | [210] |
| Streptomyces sp. Al-Dhabi 89 | Ag+ | Extracellular biomolecules | [211] |
| Streptomyces xinghaiensis OF1 | Ag+ | Organic compounds featuring amino bonds | [212] |
| Streptomyces capillispiralis Ca-1 | Cu2+ | Intracellular proteins | [213] |
| Micrococcus luteus HM 2 and HM 16 | CrO42− | Extracellular proteins | [214] |
| Rhodococcus etherivorans BCP1 | AsO43− | Mycothiols and NAD(P)H-dependent intracellular ArsC proteins | [215] |
| Streptomyces zaomyceticus Oc-5, Streptomyces pseudogriseolus Acv-11 | Cu2+ | Biomolecules containing peptide bonds, -NH, -OH, -CN, and C=C reactive groups | [216] |
| Frankia inefficax strain EuI1c | SeO32− | NADH-dependent reductase and dehydrogenase | [217] |
| Rhodococcus erythropolis ATCC 4277 | Fe3+ | N.D. 1 | [218,219] |
| Streptomyces spongiicola AS-3 (cell-free extracts) | Ag+ | Proteins, alcohols, and terpenoids | [220] |
| Nocardiopsis. dassonvillei-DS013 | Ag+ | Biomolecules containing -OH, -C+O, -CCl, -CBr, and -C≡C reactive groups | [221] |
| Streptomyces sp. M10A65 | SeO32− | Intracellular NAD(P)H-dependent reductase | [222] |
1 N.D. indicates not determined, which is referred to the nature of the biomolecules mediating metal(loid) reduction in Actinobacteria.