Table 1.
Content of triterpenoids in cuticular waxes during rugosa rose (Rosa rugosa) fruit development (very young fruit harvested in June, young fruit in July, fully developed but not ripened fruit in August and ripened fruit in September).
| Compound | Content [mg/g Wax Extract ± SD (Standard Deviation)] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| June | July | August | September | |
| α-amyrin/lupeol | 2.97 ± 0.31 a | 5.21 ± 0.55 b | 9.04 ± 1.02 c | 12.16 ± 1.40 d |
| β-amyrin | 1.17 ± 0.12 a | 3.90 ± 0.42 b | 5.58 ± 0.64 c | 7.92 ± 0.84 d |
| α-amyrenone | 1.02 ± 0.10 a | 3.48 ± 0.36 b | 5.17 ± 0.53 c | 6.08 ± 0.62 d |
| oleanolic aldehyde | 0.79 ± 0.08 a | 4.06 ± 0.48 b | 5.95 ± 0.62 c | 6.50 ± 0.70 c |
| ursolic aldehyde | 5.95 ± 0.62 a | 13.63 ± 1.50 b | 17.54 ± 2.02 c | 21.88 ± 2.42 d |
| Sum of neutral triterpenoids | 11.90 | 30.28 | 43.28 | 54.54 |
| olean-2,12-dien-28-oic acid | 0.86 ± 0.09 a | 0.92 ± 0.10 a | 1.06 ± 0.12 a | 1.15 ± 0.12 a |
| ursa-2,12-dien-28-oic acid | 3.12 ± 0.32 a | 4.36 ± 0.48 b | 5.59 ± 0.65 c | 6.43 ± 0.67 c |
| 3-oxo-oleanolic acid | 0.64 ± 0.08 a | 0.14 ± 0.02 b | 0.10 ± 0.01 b | 0.12 ± 0.01 b |
| oleanolic acid | 24.16 ± 2.52 a | 27.67 ± 3.01 a | 41.92 ± 4.68 b | 46.94 ± 5.22 b |
| 3-oxo-ursolic acid | 1.12 ± 0.14a | 1.25 ± 0.15 a | 1.32 ± 0.14 a | 1.97 ± 0.20 b |
| ursolic acid | 82.02 ± 10.06 a | 110.09 ± 14.50 b | 157.68 ± 18.24 c | 209.80 ± 22.06 d |
| betulinic acid | 1.59 ± 0.16 a | 3.83 ± 0.41 a | 5.12 ± 0.62 c | 8.11 ± 0.90 d |
| maslinic acid | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.96 ± 0.11 a |
| corosolic acid | 1.15 ± 0.10a | 4.16 ± 0.44 b | 5.98 ± 0.64 c | 23.55 ± 2.50 d |
| pomolic acid | n.d. | n.d. | 0.55 ± 0.07 a | 6.12 ± 0.62 b |
| Sum of triterpenoid acids | 114.66 | 152.42 | 219.32 | 305.15 |
| campesterol | 0.41 ± 0.05 a | 0.15 ± 0.01 b | 0.54 ± 0.06 c | 0.69 ± 0.08 d |
| cholesterol | 0.09 ± 0.01 a | 0.04 ± 0.01 b | 0.13 ± 0.01 c | 0.28 ± 0.03 d |
| isofucosterol | 2.44 ± 0.26 a | 1.98 ± 0.22 a | 5.47 ± 0.61 c | 6.12 ± 0.64 c |
| sitosterol | 14.52 ± 1.62 a | 10.95 ± 1.10 b | 23.31 ± 2.35 c | 32.75 ± 3.50 d |
| stigmasterol | 0.11 ± 0.01 a | 0.06 ± 0.01 b | 0.19 ± 0.02 c | 0.22 ± 0.02 c |
| tremulone | 2.90 ± 0.32 a | 1.95 ± 0.23 b | 3.72 ± 0.38 c | 5.25 ± 0.54 d |
| Sum of steroids | 20.47 | 15.13 | 33,36 | 45.31 |
| esters: | ||||
| α-amyrin/lupeol | 0.14 ± 0.02 a | 0.55 ± 0.06 b | 0.64 ± 0.08 b | 0.98 ± 0.10 c |
| oleanolic acid | 0.29 ± 0.03 a | 0.62 ± 0.07 b | 0.93 ± 0.10 c | 1.36 ± 0.14 d |
| ursolic acid | 2.12 ± 0.24 a | 3.08 ± 0.34 b | 4.51 ± 0.47 c | 7.24 ± 0.78 d |
| sitosterol | 0.92 ± 0.10 a | 0.12 ± 0.01 b | 1.57 ± 0.15 c | 2.45 ± 0.27 d |
| Sum of esters | 3.47 | 4.37 | 7.65 | 12.03 |
| Total | 150.5 | 202.2 | 303.61 | 417.03 |
Results are referenced to wax extract mass and expressed as the mean ± SD of three independent samples analyzed in triplicate. Results in rows not sharing a common letter are significantly different (p < 0.05).