Table 2.
Content of triterpenoids in cuticular waxes during black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) var. Galicjanka fruit development (very young fruit harvested in May, young fruit in June, fully developed but not ripened fruit in late July and ripened fruit in September).
| Compound | Content [mg/g Wax Extract ± SD (Standard Deviation)] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| May | June | July | September | |
| α-amyrin/lupeol | 1.18 ± 0.22 a | 1.96 ± 0.24 b | 2.39 ± 0.26 b | 2.55 ± 0.37 b |
| β-amyrin | 0.35 ± 0.04 a | 0.42 ± 0.05 a | 0.64 ± 0.08 b | 0.79 ± 0.08 b |
| α-amyrenone | 0.09 ± 0.01 a | 0.27 ± 0.02 b | 0.59 ± 0.07 c | 0.84 ± 0.92 d |
| erythrodiol | n.d. | n.d. | 0.14 ± 0.0 a | 0.35 ± 0.03 b |
| betulin | n.d. | n.d. | 0.03 ± 0.01 a | 0.04 ± 0.01 a |
| oleanolic aldehyde | 0.11 ± 0.01 a | 0.25 ± 0.03 b | 0.33 ± 0.04 c | 0.45 ± 0.05 d |
| ursolic aldehyde | 0.58± 0.06 a | 0.96 ± 0.10 b | 1.69 ± 0.18 c | 3.81 ± 0.40 d |
| uvaol | n.d. | n.d. | 2.14 ± 0.24 a | 2.56 ± 0.28 a |
| Sum of neutral triterpenoids | 2.31 | 3.86 | 7.95 | 11.39 |
| olean-2,12-dien-28-oic acid | 2.05 ± 0.23 a | 4.46 ± 0.48 b | 1.01 ± 0.09 c | 1.31 ± 0.12 c |
| ursa-2,12-dien-28-oic acid | 8.16 ± 0.84 a | 15.65 ± 1.70 b | 2.17 ± 0.25 c | 2.23 ± 0.30 c |
| 3-oxo-oleanolic acid | n.d. | 0.46 ± 0.06 a | 1.33 ± 0.15 b | 1.38 ± 0.16 b |
| oleanolic acid | 31.54 ± 3.22 a | 54.42 ± 5.60 b | 71.08 ± 7.15 c | 65.03 ± 6.13 c |
| oleanolic acid methyl ester | 0.25 ± 0.03 a | 0.42 ± 0.05 b | 1.08 ± 0.12 c | 1.29 ± 0.14 c |
| oleanolic acid acetate | n.d. | 0.69 ± 0.07 a | 20.60 ± 2.12 b | 21.89 ± 2.30 b |
| 3-oxo-ursolic acid | 0.14 ± 0.01 a | 4.42 ± 0.48 b | 5.51 ± 0.60 b | 5.59 ± 0.62 b |
| ursolic acid | 92.68 ± 10.44 a | 164.63 ± 20.05 b | 227.48 ± 25.06 c | 207.27 ± 22.16 c |
| ursolic acid acetate | 0.96 ± 0.10 a | 5.75 ± 0.60 b | 59.22 ± 7.14 c | 68.55 ± 8.01 c |
| maslinic acid | n.d. | 0.38 ± 0.01 a | 1.12 ± 0.14 b | 1.15 ± 0.16 b |
| corosolic acid | 0.69 ± 0.08 a | 3.55 ± 0.40 b | 7.19 ± 0.85 c | 7.37 ± 0.90 c |
| pomolic acid | n.d. | 0.48 ± 0.06 a | 14.69 ± 1.60 b | 20.95 ± 2.35 c |
| Sum of triterpenoid acids | 136.47 | 255.31 | 412.48 | 404.01 |
| campesterol | n.d | n.d. | n.d. | 0.12± 0.02 |
| cycloartanol | n.d. | 0.21 ± 0.02 a | 0.38 ± 0.04 b | 0.45 ± 0.05 b |
| sitosterol | 0.28 ± 0.03 a | 0.87 ± 0.10 b | 3.55 ± 0.38 c | 5.05± 0.54 d |
| sitostanol | n.d. | n.d. | 0.43 ± 0.05 a | 0.84 ± 0.08 b |
| sitostenone | n.d. | 0.17 ± 0.01 a | 0.66 ± 0.08 b | 1.69± 0.11 c |
| stigmasterol | n.d. | n.d. | 0.14 ± 0.01 a | 0.68± 0.07 b |
| tremulone | 0.12 ± 0.01 a | 0.41 ± 0.04 b | 1.70 ± 0.19 c | 2.39± 0.25 d |
| Sum of steroids | 0.4 | 1.66 | 6.86 | 11.22 |
| esters: | ||||
| α-amyrin/lupeol | 0.02 ± 0.01 a | 0.08± 0.01 b | 0.22± 0.01 c | 1.87± 0.21 d |
| β-amyrin | n.d. | n.d. | 0.09± 0.01 a | 0.88± 0.11 b |
| oleanolic acid | 0.92± 0.10 a | 1.70 ± 0.20 b | 1.85 ± 0.20 b | 2.92 ± 0.30 c |
| ursolic acid | 1.75± 0.18 a | 2.54 ± 0.26 b | 3.96 ± 0.42 c | 7.98 ± 0.82 d |
| sitosterol | n.d. | n.d. | 0.09± 0.01 a | 0.84 ± 0.10 b |
| Sum of esters | 2.69 | 4.32 | 6.21 | 14.49 |
| Total | 141.87 | 265.15 | 433.5 | 441.11 |
Results are referenced to wax extract mass and expressed as the mean ± SD of three independent samples analyzed in triplicate. Results in rows not sharing a common letter are significantly different (p < 0.05).