. 2020 Dec 21;9(12):1309. doi: 10.3390/antiox9121309

Table 2.

The herbal antimicrobial agents developed and their properties.

Herbal Biomaterials	Type	Minimum Inhibitory Concentration	Target of Bacteria	Result	Ref.
Clove	Essential oil	0.304 mg mL⁻¹	S. Typhimurium, S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, and E. coli.	Good antibacterial efficiency against all tested bacteria	[73]
Portulaca	Extract	10 mg mL⁻¹	S. aureus	High inhibitory activity against S. aureus	[86]
Tribulus	Metanolic extract	2 mg mL⁻¹	E. faecali, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli	High effective antimicrobial activity against these bacteria	[317]
Eryngium	Essential oil	12.5 mg mL⁻¹	S. aureus	Very interesting inhibitory activity against S. aureus	[117]
Cinnamon	Extract	62.5 mg mL⁻¹	S. aureus	The good inhibitory effect against S. aureus	[318]
Turmeric	Essential oil	0.05 mg mL⁻¹	B. coagulans, S. aureus, and B. subtilis	Maximum inhibitory activity was noted	[319]
Ginger	Essential oil	1 mg mL⁻¹	S. aureus	Effective efficiency against S. aureus	[320]
Thyme	Essential oil	2.857 mg mL⁻¹	Klebsiella pneumoniae	Good inhibitory activity	[321]
Pennyroyal	Alcoholic extract	400 mg mL⁻¹	Klebsiella and S. aureus	Good inhibitory activity	[322]
Fennel	Essential oil	0.125 mg mL⁻¹	S. dysenteriae	Effective inhibitory activity	[323]
Chamomile	Alcoholic extract	8 mg mL⁻¹	Klebsiella pneumoniae	Effective antimicrobial activity	[324]
Mint	Extract	64 µg mL⁻¹	E. coli	High inhibitory activity	[325]
Burdock	Extract	256 μg mL⁻¹	S. aureus	The extract shows antibacterial activity against S. aureus	[241]
Eucalyptus	Essential oil	1000 μg mL⁻¹	S. aureus and E. coli	Good bacteria inhibitory activty	[252]
Primrose	Methanol extract	0.07 mg L⁻¹	Listeria monocytogenes	Highest inhibitory effect against Listeria monocytogenes	[326]
Lemon balm	Essential oils	0.25 mg mL⁻¹	Listeria strain	Sensitive inhibitory effect against Listeria strain	[327]
Mallows	Ethanol extracts	0.4–0.8 mg mL⁻¹	S. pyogenes, P. vulgaris, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa	The extracts were active against S. pyogenes, P. vulgaris, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa	[286]
Garlic	Extract	0.075 mg mL⁻¹	E. coli	Significant antimicrobial efficiency against E. coli	[328]