Table 3.
Antiviral activity of herbal materials and their virus target.
| Herbal Biomaterials | Target of Virus | Ref. |
|---|---|---|
| Clove | Herpes simplex and hepatitis C | [329] |
| Portulaca | Influenza A viruses | [330] |
| Tribulus | Newcastle disease virus | [331] |
| Eryngium | HIV | [332] |
| Cinnamon | Influenza A virus, herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 | [333] |
| Turmeric | Epstein–Barr virus | [334] |
| Ginger | SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 | [335] |
| Thyme | Influenza virus | [336] |
| Pennyroyal | HSV-1 | [337] |
| Fennel | Para-influenza type 3 and Herpes simplex type 1 | [338] |
| Chamomile | Influenza A virus | [339] |
| Mint | COVID-19 | [340] |
| Burdock | COVID-19 | [341] |
| Eucalyptus | COVID-19 | [342] |
| Primrose | Hepatitis C virus (HCV) | [343] |
| Lemon balm | Influenza A virus (H9N2), SARS-CoV-2 | [31,344] |
| Mallows | Influenza virus | [293] |
| Garlic | Influenza B and herpes simplex | [345] |