Table 1.
Clinical characteristics, lung infiltrate severity, and pronation timeline by living status.
| Characteristic | Deceased (n = 17) |
Living (n = 6) |
Total (n = 23) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age, Median (Range) | 57 (25, 75) | 56 (40, 63) | 57 (25, 75) |
| Sex, Female (%) | 6 (35.3) | 2 (33.3) | 8 (34.8) |
| BMI, Median (Range), kg/m2 | 30 (23, 42) | 36 (22, 45) | 31 (22, 45) |
| Race/Ethnicity, Count (% Distribution) | |||
| African American | 9 (52.9) | 3 (50.0) | 12 (52.2) |
| Hispanic | 7 (41.2) | 2 (33.3) | 9 (39.1) |
| American Indian | - | 1 (16.7) | 1 (4.3) |
| Asian | 1 (5.9) | - | 1 (4.3) |
| Symptoms and Comorbidities at Admission | |||
| Symptoms (%) | |||
| Dyspnea | 15 (88.2) | 6 (100.0) | 21 (91.3) |
| Fever | 14 (82.4) | 4 (66.7) | 18 (78.3) |
| Cough | 12 (70.6) | 3 (50.0) | 15 (65.2) |
| Weakness | 16 (94.1) | 6 (100.0) | 22 (95.7) |
| Diarrhea | 1 (5.9) | 1 (16.7) | 2 (8.7) |
| † Comorbidities (%) | |||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 7 (41.2%) | 2 (33.3%) | 9 (39.1%) |
| Hypertension | 8 (47.1%) | 3 (50.0%) | 11 (47.8%) |
| Congestive Heart Failure | 1 (5.9%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (4.3%) |
| Clinical Values before Prone Ventilation, Median (Range) | |||
| Vitals | |||
| Blood Pressure—Systolic (mmHg) | 125 (109, 153) | 119.5 (110, 167) | 124 (109, 167) |
| Blood Pressure—Diastolic (mmHg) | 75 (49, 93) | 62.5 (52, 87) | 72 (49, 93) |
| Heart Rate (Beats/min) | 105 (66, 125) | 96.5 (53, 118) | 102 (53, 125) |
| Respiratory Rate (Breaths/min) | 28 (20, 34) | 25 (21, 35) | 26 (20, 35) |
| Temperature (°F) | 99.7 (97, 102.6) | 99.5 (98, 100.3) | 99.7 (97, 102.6) |
| O2% Saturation | 92 (87, 100) | 92 (88, 98) | 92 (87, 100) |
| Lab Values | |||
| Blood Urea Nitrogen (mg/dL) | 28 (13, 104) | 26 (14, 32) | 28 (13, 104) |
| Creatinine (IU/L) | 0.91 (0.54, 4.68) | 1.47 (0.44, 2.2) | 0.97 (0.44, 4.68) |
| Lactate (mg/dL) | 1.8 (0.7, 6.7) | 1.8 (1.2, 4.9) | 1.8 (0.7, 6.7) |
| Troponin (ng/mL) | 0.12 (0.015, 0.71) | 0.055 (0.015, 0.28) | 0.081 (0.015, 0.71) |
| LDH (U/L) | 958 (535, 1875) | 888.5 (621, 1757) | 958 (535, 1875) |
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 0.92 (0.16, 200) | 0.78 (0.41, 24.81) | 0.92 (0.16, 200) |
| C-Reactive Protein (mg/L) | 9.52 (1.46, 34) | 14.6 (0.34, 24.1) | 11.1 (0.34, 34) |
| D-Dimer (ng/mL) | 13.8 (0.96, 35.78) | 23.2 (1.8, 35.78) | 13.8 (0.96, 35.78) |
| Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 502 (100, 679) | 290 (165, 572) | 483 (100, 679) |
| Ferritin (μg/L) | 1151 (298, 5509) | 1308 (992, 2198) | 1285 (298, 5509) |
| Sedimentation Rate (mm/h) | 40 (5, 107) | 26 (7, 72) | 39 (5, 107) |
| White Blood Cell Count (1000/mm3) | 13.6 (6.1, 31.7) | 11.2 (7.1, 26.8) | 13.3 (6.1, 31.7) |
| Lymphocyte Percent | 0.05 (0.02, 0.15) | 0.04 (0.03, 0.08) | 0.05 (0.02, 0.15) |
| ABG and Ventilatory Parameters, Supine, Median (Range) | |||
| PaO2 (mmHg) | 66.0 (35, 190) | 77.5 (66, 138) | 73.0 (35, 190) |
| FiO2 (%) | 100 (50, 100) | 100 (100, 100) | 100 (50, 100) |
| PaO2/FiO2 (mmHg) | 76.0 (35, 190) | 77.5 (66, 138) | 76.0 (35, 190) |
| PEEP (cm H2O) | 15.0 (10, 20) | 15.0 (10, 20) | 15.0 (10, 20) |
| Respiratory Rate | 24 (16, 30) | 24 (20, 26) | 24 (16, 30) |
| Tidal Volume/IBW (mL/kg) | 7.0 (5.8, 8.3) | 7.4 (5.3, 8.0) | 7.0 (5.3, 8.3) |
| Pronation Timeline and Length of Stay (In Days) | |||
| Time to Intubation, Median (Range) | |||
| From Admission | 3.0 (0, 15) | 3.5 (0, 5) | 3.0 (0, 15) |
| From Symptom Onset | 7.0 (2, 14) | 7.0 (5, 14) | 7.0 (2, 14) |
| Time to Pronation, Median (Range) | |||
| From Admission | 5.0 (2, 18) | 4.5 (2, 17) | 5.0 (2, 18) |
| From 1st Symptom Appearance | 11.0 (7, 25) | 13.0 (9, 24) | 12.0 (7, 25) |
| From Intubation | 1.0 (0, 7) | 2.0 (0, 13) | 1.0 (0, 13) |
| Days Proned | 1 (1, 4) | 1.5 (1, 6) | 1 (1, 6) |
| Time to Death After Pronation | 7 (2, 16) | - | 7 (2, 16) |
No statistically significant differences observed (given by Mann-Whitney U test with α = 0.05); † No patients presented with chronic kidney disease, chronic lung disease, or coronary artery disease.