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TLR4 induces melanogenesis via p38 MAPK. TLR4 stimulation increases melanin synthesis by inducing the expression of TYR and its transcription factor MITF. TYR and MITF induction are mediated via p38 MAPK phosphorylation by TLR4 stimuli. Abbreviations: TLR: toll-like receptor; MITF: microphthalmia-associated transcription factor; TYR: tyrosinase; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; LPS: lipopolysaccharide.
