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TLR9 promotes melanogenesis via NFκB activation. TLR9 stimulation increases melanin synthesis via TYR and PMEL induction through NFκB activation. TYR and PMEL induction by TLR9 stimulation is further enhanced by the synergistic effect with UVB irradiation. Abbreviations: TLR: toll-like receptor; TYR: tyrosinase; MITF: microphthalmia-associated transcription factor; PMEL: premelanosome protein.
