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. 2020 Dec 21;12(12):3911. doi: 10.3390/nu12123911

Table 3.

Changes in metabolism, energy substrate, energy and energy efficiency in FatMax, ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1) and ventilatory threshold 2 (VT2) during the step test.

2S-Hesperidin Placebo
Pre-Intervention Post-Intervention p-Value Pre-Intervention Post-Intervention p-Value ηp2 ES
FatMax
VO2
(L·min−1)		 2.23 (0.50) 2.02 (0.37) 0.063 2.27 (0.48) 2.10 (0.57) 0.151 0.005 0.08
VO2R
(ml·kg−1·min−1)		 31.45 (6.17) 28.54 (5.43) 0.060 32.40 (6.82) 29.51 (6.99) 0.100 0.003 0.00
CHO
(g·min−1)		 2.20 (0.58) 2.01 (0.37) 0.169 2.20 (0.50) 2.27 (0.56) 0.521 0.090 0.47
FAT
(g·min−1)		 0.29 (0.90) 0.26 (0.14) 0.247 0.32 (0.14) 0.21 (0.14) 0.007 0.064 0.59
Efficiency (%) 26.68 (2.95) 26.05 (3.90) 0.411 26.94 (2.79) 24.62 (2.27) 0.010 0.064 0.49
VT1
VO2
(L·min−1)		 2.19 (0.39) 2.10 (0.35) 0.396 2.10 (0.41) 2.09 (0.47) 0.961 0.001 0.17
VO2R
(ml·kg−1·min−1)		 31.05 (5.34) 29.62 (5.20) 0.357 29.96 (5.84) 29.64 (6.37) 0.824 0.001 0.17
CHO
(g·min−1)		 2.08 (0.47) 2.07 (0.30) 0.974 1.86 (0.47) 2.19 (0.49) 0.020 0.028 0.57
FAT
(g·min−1)		 0.31 (0.10) 0.27 (0.15) 0.184 0.35 (0.12) 0.23 (0.14) 0.003 0.044 0.53
Efficiency (%) 26.55 (2.62) 25.25 (5.38) 0.250 27.49 (3.25) 25.86 (5.85) 0.282 <0.001 0.77
VT2
VO2
(L·min−1)		 3.49 (0.43) 3.36 (0.41) 0.135 3.63 (0.52) 3.33 (0.54) 0.002 0.039 0.49
VO2R
(ml·kg−1·min−1)		 49.48 (6.83) 48.25 (6.84) 0.211 51.90 (8.17) 47.29 (7.76) 0.002 † 0.084 0.67
CHO
(g·min−1)		 5.11 (1.18) 5.42 (1.37) 0.349 5.53 (1.45) 5.25 (1.13) 0.369 0.022 0.43
FAT
(g·min−1)		 0.04 (0.08) 0.04 (0.09) 1.000 0.02 (0.06) 0.01 (0.03) 0.334 0.048 0.03
Efficiency (%) 20.58 (3.09) 19.65 (3.37) 0.272 20.15 (2.25) 20.20 (4.30) 0.965 0.009 0.24

Values are mean (SE). VO2 = volume of oxygen uptake; VO2R = body mass oxygen consumption; FatMax = intensity at which maximum fat oxidation is given; VT1 = ventilatory threshold 1 (aerobic); VT2 = ventilatory threshold 2 (anaerobic); CHO = carbohydrate oxidation; FAT = fat oxidation; efficiency = percentage. The p-values refer to intra-group comparisons. There were no significant changes when comparing the groups. The trend towards significance between groups is indicated by a †.