TABLE 1.
Associations between various patient characteristics and misdiagnosis
| Characteristic | Diagnosis group (N = 1168) | Misdiagnosis group (N = 303) | P‐value | t/χ2 /Z‐value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 52.28 ± 12.01 | 51.47 ± 10.41 | 0.239 | t = 1.178 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.45 ± 3.97 | 23.19 ± 5.26 | 0.441 | t = 0.772 |
| Gender | 0.260 | χ2 = 1.269 | ||
| Female (%) | 339 (29.0%) | 98 (32.3%) | ||
| Male (%) | 829 (71.0%) | 205 (67.7%) | ||
| Causes of ONFH | <0.001 | χ2 = 87.915 | ||
| Corticosteroids (%) | 408 (34.9%) | 72 (23.8%) | ||
| Alcohol (%) | 491 (42.0%) | 93 (30.7%) | ||
| Trauma (%) | 155 (13.3%) | 110 (36.3%) | ||
| Others (%) | 114 (9.8%) | 28 (9.2%) | ||
| Primary diseases requiring corticosteroids | 0.148 | χ2 = 8.155 | ||
| Immune system diseases (%) | 142 (34.8%) | 23 (31.9%) | ||
| Skin diseases (%) | 78 (19.1%) | 11 (15.3%) | ||
| Urinary diseases (%) | 43 (10.5%) | 12 (16.7%) | ||
| Blood diseases (%) | 68 (16.7%) | 8 (11.1%) | ||
| Respiratory diseases (%) | 42 (10.3%) | 6 (8.3%) | ||
| Other diseases (%) | 35 (8.6%) | 12 (16.7%) | ||
| Methods of corticosteroid use | 0.203 | χ2 = 3.190 | ||
| Oral (%) | 265 (65.0%) | 40 (55.6%) | ||
| Intravenous (%) | 92 (22.5%) | 18 (25.0%) | ||
| Others (%) | 51 (12.5%) | 14 (19.4%) | ||
| Corticosteroid species | 0.142 | χ2 = 3.904 | ||
| Medium (%) | 196 (48.0%) | 32 (44.4%) | ||
| Long‐lasting (%) | 108 (26.5%) | 14 (19.4%) | ||
| Others (%) | 104 (25.5%) | 26 (36.2%) | ||
| Years of alcohol consumption | 0.125 | Z = 2.359 | ||
| ≤10 years (%) | 167 (34.0%) | 37 (39.8%) | ||
| >10 years, ≤20 years (%) | 170 (34.6%) | 35 (37.6%) | ||
| >20 years, ≤30 years (%) | 85 (17.3%) | 11 (11.8%) | ||
| >30 years (%) | 69 (14.1%) | 10 (10.8%) | ||
| Weekly alcohol consumption | 0.100 | Z = 2.702 | ||
| ≤1500 mL (%) | 40 (8.1%) | 13 (14.0%) | ||
| >1500 mL, ≤3500 mL (%) | 320 (65.2%) | 60 (64.5%) | ||
| >3500 mL (%) | 131 (26.7%) | 20 (21.5%) | ||
| Type of trauma | 0.089 | χ2 = 4.846 | ||
| Fracture of the femoral neck (%) | 136 (87.7%) | 86 (78.2%) | ||
| Dislocation of the hip (%) | 9 (5.8%) | 14 (12.7%) | ||
| others (%) | 10 (6.5%) | 10 (9.1%) | ||
| Onset side of the disease | 0.028 | χ2 = 4.815 | ||
| Bilateral (%) | 500 (42.8%) | 151 (49.8%) | ||
| Unilateral (%) | 668 (57.2%) | 152 (50.2%) | ||
| VAS for pain | 4.60 ± 0.75 | 4.85 ± 1.04 | 0.390 | t = 0.870 |
| Pain side | 0.012 | χ2 = 6.290 | ||
| Bilateral (%) | 863 (73.9%) | 245 (80.9%) | ||
| Unilateral (%) | 305 (26.1%) | 58 (19.1%) | ||
| Whether symptoms are hidden | <0.001 | χ2 = 60.745 | ||
| Hidden (%) | 417 (35.7%) | 183 (60.4%) | ||
| Obvious (%) | 751 (64.3%) | 120 (39.6%) | ||
| Physician title at the initial visit | <0.001 | Z = 6.606 | ||
| Director physician or assistant director physician (%) | 393 (33.6%) | 43 (14.2%) | ||
| Attending doctor or resident doctor (%) | 775 (66.4%) | 260 (85.8%) | ||
| Type of imaging examination at the initial visit | <0.001 | χ2 = 160.521 | ||
| X‐ray | 98 (8.4%) | 106 (35.0%) | ||
| CT | 183 (15.7%) | 24 (7.9%) | ||
| MRI | 585 (50.1%) | 84 (27.7%) | ||
| ≥2 types | 302 (25.8%) | 89 (29.4%) |
BMI, body mass index; CT, computer tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; ONFH,; VAS, visual analogue scale/score.