Table 1.
Table of S-glutathionylated proteins in atherogenic and angiogenic associated processes.
| PROTEIN | SPECIFIC PR-SSG EFFECTS ON PROTEIN FUNCTION | DETECTION METHOD | REF |
|---|---|---|---|
| APOB100 | lipid protein Apolipoprotein B, implicated in the development of atherosclerotic lesions show increased serum glutathionylated levels in ASO (Atherosclerosis Obliterans) patients. | Biotinylated GST overlay (protein blot) | [122] |
| SERCA | Ca2+ ATPase pump Sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase- SSG leads to its activation regulating vasodilation in atherosclerotic smooth muscles. | Biotin iodoacetamide, Biotin GEE (protein blot) | [40] |
| SERCA2B | Sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase2b-SSG leads to increases in VEGF induced signaling and migration. | Glutathione antibody, (Western blot) | [18]9 |
| RAS | GTPase Ras-SSG leads to increased phosphorylation of p38 and Akt regulating vascular hypertrophy implicated in atherosclerosis and hypertension. Ras-SSG also induces Raf/MEK/ERK pathway activation. | Biotin GEE (Western blot) | [39,142] |
| GAPDH | Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-SSG inhibits its function during cardiac oxidative stress in Ischemia Reperfusion models. | Biotin GSH, Western blot | [143] |
| ACTIN | Cytoskeletal proteins G-actin and F-actin -SSG decreases polymerization efficiency and binding with tropomyosin respectively affecting contractility during Ischemia Reperfusion. | Glutathione antibody, Western blot | [144] |
| SQR | Mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme Succinate ubiquinone reductase or complex II-SSG leads to enhanced SQR-derived electron transfer efficiency. | Glutathione antibody, Western blot | [84] |
| LMW-PTP | Low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase is inactivated by Pr-SSG, inhibiting VEGF mediated angiogenic migration. | Glutathione antibody, Western blot | [181] |
| PTP-1B | Protein tyrosine phosphatases-SSG inhibits activity that can effect VEGF mediated angiogenic responses. | LC-MS/MS | [28] |
| IKK-Β | Inhibitory kβ kinase (IKK) β-SSG leads to its inactivation and resulting inhibition of NFkB activity affecting inflammatory responses. | Biotin GEE (protein blot) | [191] |
| STAT-3 | Transcription factor Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3-SSG prevents phosphorylation, nuclear translocation and DNA binding. | Derivitization with NEM, DTT, and Biotin Pyridyldisulfide | [184] |
| P65 | Transcription factor NF-kB subunit p65-SSG inhibits NF-kB activity responsible for Wnt5a-sFlt activation leading to upregulation of VEGF mediated endothelial cell migration. | Derivitization with NEM, DTT, and Biotin Pyridyldisulfide | [190] |
| P50 | Transcription factor NF-κB subunit p50-SSG inhibits NF-κB activity and gene expression. | In vitro labelling of recombinant proteins with 3H‐GSH (scintillation and mass spectrometery) | [192] |
| HIF-1Α | Transcription factor Hypoxia inducible Factor 1α-SSG, stabilizes its activity leading to VEGF associated increased revascularization in ischemic muscles. | Glutathione antibody, Western blot Derivitization with NEM, DTT, and Biotin iodoacetamide |
[193] |
| PRO-MMPS | Matrix Metalloproteinase precursors are activated by glutathionylation induced by peroxynitrite and GSH treatment. | 35S-GSH labelling of purified protein (PAGE and mass spectrometry) | [111] |
| Α4 INTEGRIN | Transmembrane receptors α4 integrin-SSG increases binding of neutrophils to endothelial cells adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1). | Biotin GEE, glutathione antibody (protein blot) | [212] |