Fig. 1.

Four types of ROS (red box) that are generated by nitrogen and oxygen are communication ROS, which are, connected with different types of ROS systems. NO▪, NO2 ▪, H2O2 and ONOO− have the ability to cross lipid membrane and are classified as communication ROS. Three types of nitrogen-containing ROS are communication ROS.

Abbreviations: O2▪−—superoxide, NO▪—nitric oxide radical, NO2 ▪—nitrogen dioxide, OH▪—hydroxyl radical, ROO▪—peroxyl radical, RO▪— alkoxyl radical, CO3▪-—carbonate radical, H2O2—hydrogen peroxide, ONOO−—peroxynitrite, 1O2—singlet oxygen, HOCl—hypochlorous acid, ONOOCO2 −—nitrocarbonate, MitoETC: Mitochondrial electron transport chain, XO—xanthine oxidase, NOS—nitric oxide synthase, CYP— cytochrome P450, NOX—NADPH oxidase, LOX—lipoxygenase, SOD—superoxide dismutase, MPO—myeloperoxidase, MAO— monoaminoxidase. GPX—glutathione peroxidase, PRDX—peroxiredoxin, CAT—catalase. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)