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Positive feedback loop of mtROS production and nuclear DNA damage response (PARP activation) causes mitochondrial dysfunction and pre-mature aging, potentially induced by d-flow. ETC; Electron transport chain, TL; telomere, PARP; poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, ATF-4; activating transcription factor-4, MKP-1, MAP kinase phosphatase-1.
