Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population.
| Variables | All, n = 54 | LVSD, n = 21 | Normal LVF, n = 33 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 67 ± 10 | 61 ± 12 | 70 ± 7 | 0.003 |
| Female, n (%) | 16 (29.6%) | 2 (9.5%) | 14 (42.4%) | 0.010 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28.6 ± 5.2 | 29.1 ± 4.9 | 28.4 ± 5.4 | 0.640 |
| AF duration, years | 3.1 ± 2.8 | 2.7 ± 2.8 | 3.4 ± 2.7 | 0.397 |
| Paroxysmal AF, n (%) | 9 (16.7%) | 1 (4.8%) | 8 (24.2%) | 0.075 |
| Persistent AF, n (%) | 45 (83.3%) | 20 (95.2%) | 25 (75.8%) | |
| Previous ablation (non-AF), n (%) | 3 (5.6%) | 1 (4.8%) | 2 (6.1%) | 1.000 |
| Previous CABG, n (%) | 3 (5.6%) | 1 (4.8%) | 2 (6.1%) | 1.000 |
| PM/ICD, n (%) | 7 (13.0%) | 3 (14.3%) | 4 (12.1%) | 1.000 |
| CRT, n (%) | 3 (5.6%) | 3 (14.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0.054 |
| Watchman device, n (%) | 2 (3.7%) | 1 (4.8%) | 1 (3.0%) | 1.000 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score | 2.5 ± 1.2 | 2.4 ± 1.4 | 2.6 ± 1.1 | 0.663 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 6 (11.1%) | 3 (14.3%) | 3 (9.1%) | 0.667 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 24 (44.4%) | 8 (38.1%) | 16 (48.5%) | 0.454 |
| Previous stroke or TIA, n (%) | 3 (5.6%) | 2 (9.5%) | 1 (3.0%) | 0.553 |
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 20 (37.0%) | 18 (85.7%) | 2 (6.1%) | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 12 (22.2%) | 4 (19.0%) | 8 (24.2%) | 0.747 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 17 (31.5%) | 6 (28.6%) | 11 (33.3%) | 0.713 |
| eGFR, mL/min | 65.5 ± 17.8 | 67.0 ± 17.9 | 64.6 ± 18.0 | 0.631 |
| Antiarrhythmic drugs on discharge, n (%) | ||||
| None | 9 (16.7%) | 2 (9.5%) | 7 (21.2%) | 0.456 |
| Class I or III | 19 (35.2%) | 6 (28.6%) | 13 (39.4%) | 0.417 |
| Beta-blocker | 39 (72.2%) | 17 (81.0%) | 22 (66.7%) | 0.253 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 4 (7.4%) | 1 (4.8%) | 3 (9.1%) | 1.000 |
| MR grade, n (%) | 0.061 | |||
| Grade 2 | 43 (79.6%) | 14 (66.7%) | 29 (87.9%) | |
| Grade 3 | 8 (14.8%) | 5 (23.8%) | 3 (9.1%) | |
| Grade 4 | 3 (5.6%) | 2 (9.5) | 1 (3.0%) | |
| LVEF, % | 49.7 ± 15.4 | 32.1 ± 7.5 | 60.9 ± 4.8 | <0.001 |
| LA volume, mL | 104.0 ± 32.2 | 116.2 ± 29.7 | 96.3 ± 31.7 | 0.025 |
| LA volume index, mL/m2 | 52.8 ± 14.5 | 56.7 ± 14.9 | 50.3 ± 14.0 | 0.119 |
| LVEDD, cm | 5.3 ± 0.8 | 6.0 ± 0.7 | 4.5 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
| LVESD, cm | 4.0 ± 1.1 | 5.0 ± 0.8 | 3.3 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
LVSD, left ventricular systolic dysfunction; LVF, left ventricular function; AF, atrial fibrillation; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; PM, pacemaker; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; MR, mitral regurgitation; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LA, left atrial; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic dimensions; LVESD, left ventricular end-systolic dimensions.