Table 2.
Current immunotherapeutic approaches related to the multiple functions of B cells.
| Immunotherapeutic approaches | Therapeutics | Status | Therapeutic effect | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Therapeutic vaccination | preS1-polypeptide | preS1 vaccine | Animal | Induced robust humoral responses in HBV carrier mice. | (126) |
| HBsAg + HBcAg | NASVAC | Clinical III | Acted as a safe and efficient therapeutic approach in CHB patients. | (127, 128) | |
| X, large-S | GS4774 | Clinical I/II | Safe and well tolerated in healthy subjects, while no significant HBsAg reductions in virally suppressed CHB patients. | (129, 130) | |
| PreS2+S | DNA vaccine | Clinical I/II | No great effect on immunotolerant CHB patients or inactive HBsAg carriers. | (131–133) | |
| PreS1+PreS2+S | DNA vaccine | Clinical | Induced anti-HBs antibodies in around half HBeAg+ CHB patients. | (134) | |
| S+PreS1+Core | DNA vaccine | Animal | Induced robust and durable humoral responses against PreS1/HBsAg/HBcAg in rhesus macaques. | (135) | |
| HBsAg-aa119-125 | CR-T3-SEQ13 | Animal | Induced a pivotal and long-term anti-HBs antibody response in HBV-tolerant mice. | (136) | |
| Checkpoint inhibitor | Anti-PD-1 | Nivolumab | Clinical I | Partially rescued HBsAg-specific B cells function in vitro through anti-PD-1. Meanwhile, safe and effective for viral suppressed CHB patients. | (42, 137) |
| TLR agonist | TLR-7 agonist | GS-9620 | Clinical II | Safe and well-tolerated in particular CHB patients, while no significant HBsAg reductions in virally suppressed CHB patients. | (138–140) |
| TLR-9 agonist | CPG 7909 | Clinical I | Antigen-specific, isotype-specific and induced high affinity antibodies. | (141–143) | |
| 1018 ISS | Clinical | Well-tolerated in healthy adults, and induced a high antibody response when co-administrated with HBsAg. | (144, 145) | ||
| Therapeutic cell adjuvant | sCD40L-activated B cells | B cells adjuvants | Vitro | Acted as APCs and induced HBV-specific CTL immune response in vitro. | (146) |