. 2020 Dec 14;14:569777. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.569777

TABLE 2.

PD motor and non-motor characteristics of the hyposmic PD patients and normosmic PD patients over time.

	Baseline			Year 1			Year 2

Variable	Hyposmic	Normosmic	P value	Hyposmic	Normosmic	P value	Hyposmic	Normosmic	P value
UPDRS subscores								^b
Part I	2.36 ± 1.90	2.69 ± 2.13	0.347	2.14 ± 1.86	2.02 ± 1.59	0.907	2.56 ± 1.85	2.36 ± 1.83	0.410
Part II	12.05 ± 5.96	11.97 ± 5.58	0.917	10.47 ± 5.73^a	9.47 ± 4.62^a	0.304	10.59 ± 4.80^b	10.69 ± 6.31^b	0.761
Part III	25.70 ± 12.65	26.17 ± 14.13	0.999	23.26 ± 11.88^a	19.00 ± 9.70^a	0.030	22.98 ± 12.67^b	22.37 ± 13.67^b	0.672
Tremor	3.32 ± 3.04	2.78 ± 2.67	0.367	2.85 ± 3.00	2.83 ± 2.89	0.999	2.86 ± 2.66	2.95 ± 3.54	0.444
Rigidity	5.74 ± 3.85	4.64 ± 3.67	0.051	5.18 ± 3.64	3.37 ± 2.75^a	0.002	4.73 ± 3.92^b	4.56 ± 4.12	0.717
Bradykinesia	8.82 ± 6.01	8.85 ± 6.58	0.831	8.47 ± 5.15	6.62 ± 4.03^a	0.013	8.87 ± 5.98	7.56 ± 6.05	0.125
Postural and gait abnormalities	3.66 ± 2.16	3.66 ± 2.88	0.552	3.10 ± 2.24^a	2.75 ± 1.89^a	0.327	3.11 ± 2.59^b	3.32 ± 2.64	0.612
Phenotype (PIGD/Intermediate/TD)	58/12/35	33/8/18	0.888	67/10/28	32/6/21	0.450	71/13/21^b	40/6/13	0.889
H-Y Stage	2.00 ± 0.65	2.02 ± 0.72	0.915	2.14 ± 0.64 ^a	1.90 ± 0.75	0.027	2.13 ± 0.70^b	2.05 ± 0.87	0.365
Dyskinesia (%)	16 (15.2%)	4 (6.8%)	0.112	23 (21.9%)	9 (15.3%)	0.302	30 (28.6%)^b	8 (13.6%)	0.029
Freezing (%)	37 (35.2%)	16 (27.1%)	0.286	31 (29.5%)	11 (18.6%)	0.126	35 (33.3%)	12 (20.3%)	0.077
LED (mg)	334.86 ± 259.54	275.00 ± 194.60	0.166	469.22 ± 249.90^a	394.19 ± 212.68^a	0.104	560.21 ± 253.55^b	465.15 ± 197.49^b	0.020
NMSS total scores	52.92 ± 38.04	46.76 ± 31.49	0.490	35.43 ± 24.81^a	28.88 ± 19.96^a	0.132	33.59 ± 27.54^b	31.20 ± 21.29^b	0.949
Cardiovascular	1.54 ± 2.77	1.46 ± 2.61	0.870	0.78 ± 1.78^a	0.73 ± 1.80^a	0.899	0.62 ± 1.54^b	1.00 ± 2.09	0.149
Sleep/fatigue	11.57 ± 9.66	10.24 ± 8.89	0.396	8.18 ± 7.21	7.68 ± 6.45	0.796	8.33 ± 7.73	9.86 ± 7.18	0.451
Mood/cognition	10.68 ± 10.80	9.98 ± 11.19	0.612	5.85 ± 8.31^a	3.85 ± 6.03^a	0.178	4.81 ± 8.67^b	5.24 ± 9.81^b	0.619
Perceptual problems	1.11 ± 2.41	0.73 ± 2.04	0.357	0.95 ± 2.04	0.80 ± 1.74	0.558	0.89 ± 2.12	1.15 ± 1.94	0.127
Gastrointestinal	4.10 ± 5.31	4.47 ± 5.54	0.489	3.61 ± 4.34	3.34 ± 4.26	0.609	4.28 ± 5.17	3.25 ± 4.03	0.354
Urinary	7.70 ± 8.16	6.73 ± 7.58	0.557	5.60 ± 6.16^a	4.47 ± 5.36^a	0.224	5.17 ± 6.08^b	5.51 ± 6.57	0.939
MMSE total scores	27.31 ± 2.49	27.80 ± 1.76	0.430	27.15 ± 3.03	27.66 ± 2.19	0.537	26.99 ± 2.89	27.90 ± 2.35	0.041
Orientation	9.55 ± 0.91	9.66 ± 0.55	0.919	9.70 ± 0.77	9.80 ± 0.48	0.743	9.66 ± 0.83	9.71 ± 0.62	0.935
Registration	2.79 ± 0.41	2.81 ± 0.51	0.387	2.85 ± 0.48	2.92 ± 0.28	0.620	2.89 ± 0.32	2.93 ± 0.25	0.337
Attention and calculation	4.22 ± 1.04	4.34 ± 0.96	0.096	3.81 ± 1.39^a	4.00 ± 1.33	0.357	3.73 ± 1.42^b	4.17 ± 1.21	0.048
Recall	2.37 ± 0.86	2.34 ± 0.96	0.520	2.45 ± 0.83	2.36 ± 0.80	0.310	2.38 ± 0.76	2.49 ± 0.70	0.378
Language and praxis	8.32 ± 0.96	8.58 ± 0.59	0.982	8.35 ± 1.05	8.59 ± 0.72	0.216	8.33 ± 0.92	8.59 ± 0.77	0.054
RBD (%)	39 (37.1%)	15 (25.4%)	0.125	43 (41.0%)	22 (37.3%)	0.645	51 (48.6%)	25 (42.4%)	0.445
Depression (%)	30 (28.6%)	17 (28.8%)	0.974	26 (24.8%)	13 (19.4%)	0.674	29 (27.6%)	21 (35.6%)	0.287

Values in bold refer to statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). ^aSignificant difference between baseline and year 1 (P < 0.05). ^bSignificant difference between baseline and year 2 (P < 0.05). UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; H-Y, Hoehn and Yahr; PIGD, postural instability and gait disorder; TD, tremor dominant; LED, levodopa equivalent dose; NMSS, non-motor symptoms scale; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; RBD, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder; PD, Parkinson’s disease.