Table 2.
Characteristics of mothers and offspring.
| Characteristics | Value | |
|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | ||
| Age, year | 39.7 ± 4.5 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.5 ± 2.9 | |
| Education level, % | ||
| Less than high school | 2,246 (46.7%) | |
| High school diploma or equivalent | 1,985 (41.3%) | |
| Bachelor degree or above | 581 (12.1%) | |
| Ideal BMI, % | 3,994 (82.6%) | |
| Ideal cigarette smoking, % | 4,789 (99.0%) | |
| Ideal physical activity status, % | 2,359 (48.8%) | |
| Ideal dietary behavior, % | 183 (3.8%) | |
| Ideal sleep duration, % | 3,174 (65.6%) | |
| Ideal alcohol consumption, % | 4,767 (98.6%) | |
| Number of ideal lifestyle factors, % | ||
| 1 | 7 (0.1%) | |
| 2 | 171 (3.5%) | |
| 3 | 1,108 (22.9%) | |
| 4 | 2,213 (45.8%) | |
| 5 | 1,287 (26.6%) | |
| 6 | 51 (1.1%) | |
| Offspring characteristics | ||
| Age, year | 13.2 ± 2.2 | |
| Girl, % | 2,588 (53.5%) | |
| Urban, % | 2,476 (51.2%) | |
| Natural labor, % | 2,982 (62.6%) | |
| Breastfeeding, % | 4,143 (86.7%) | |
| Birth weight, g | 3,305.5 ± 495.6 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 20.1 ± 3.9 | |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 107.9 ± 11.6 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 68.2 ± 8.7 | |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.0 ± 0.5 | |
| High density lipoprotein, mmol/L | 1.3 ± 0.3 | |
| Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L | 4.8 ± 0.7 | |
| Physical activity ≥1h, % | 2,668 (62.4%) | |
| Abdominal obesity, % | 1,231 (25.4%) | |
| Elevated blood pressure, % | 1,203 (24.9%) | |
| High triglycerides, % | 1,058 (21.9%) | |
| Low high density lipoprotein, % | 797 (16.5%) | |
| High blood glucose, % | 16 (0.3%) | |
| Metabolic syndrome, % | 403 (8.3%) | |
BMI, body mass index. Continuous variables were expressed by mean values ± standard deviations, and categorical variables were expressed by frequency values (percentages, %).
The ideal status of maternal lifestyle factors was judged from the definitions in Table 1 .