. 2020 Dec 14;11:552054. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.552054

Table 3.

Associations between maternal lifestyles and risk of offspring MS.

Number of ideal lifestyle factor	N (%) of offspring MS	χ²	P	Risk of offspring MS, OR (95% CI)^†
Number of ideal lifestyle factor	N (%) of offspring MS	χ²	P	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
0–2	31 (17.4%)	21.431	<0.001	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
3	97 (8.8%)			0.455 (0.293, 0.706)^*	0.545 (0.325, 0.913)^*	0.557 (0.314, 0.989)^*
4	176 (8.0%)			0.410 (0.270, 0.622)^*	0.476 (0.289, 0.784)^*	0.450 (0.258, 0.785)^*
5–6	99 (7.4%)			0.379 (0.244, 0.587)^*	0.482 (0.287, 0.811)^*	0.449 (0.251, 0.802)^*
P for trend	<0.001			0.001	0.046	0.023

^*P < 0.05.

^†Model 1 did not adjust for any factors.

Model 2 adjusted for region, adolescents’ age and sex, delivery way, feeding type, birth weight, parental education level, parental age, family history of diseases, paternal BMI, paternal cigarette smoking, and paternal alcohol consumption.

Model 3 additionally adjusted for adolescents’ cigarette smoking, adolescents’ alcohol consumption, adolescents’ sleep duration, adolescents’ physical activity, and adolescents’ consumption of vegetables, fruits, sugar-sweetened beverages, and meat.