TABLE 2.
Analytes extracted from refined studies, their concentration compared to their reference group, and other findings.
| Classes/analytes | Biological fluid | Ref group | Higher or lower compared to ref group? | Other finding/comments |
| Fatty acid and lipid metabolism and derivatives | ||||
| Hexosylceramides (16:0, 24:1) | CSF (Checa et al., 2015) | OND, iOND, and baseline | RRMS: higher | Hexosylceramides (16:0, 24:1) were increased 4.7 years after baseline taken. 16:0 correlated with EDSS of patients |
| Progressive MS: higher | ||||
| Phosphocholine | Serum (Dickens et al., 2014) | RRMS | SPMS: decreased | |
| Glycosphingolipids | ||||
| C18:0/C24:1 sulfatides | Plasma | HC | Positive correlation between ratio and EDSS in patients with RRMS | |
| C16:0/C24:0 sulfatides | Plasma (Moyano et al., 2013) | HC | Positive correlation between ratio of sulfatides and time since last relapse | |
| C16:0/C18:0 sulfatides | Plasma (Moyano et al., 2013) | HC | Positive correlation between ratio and age of RRMS patients | |
| C16:0 | Plasma (Hon et al., 2011) | HC | MS: increased | |
| Plasma (Navarro and Segura, 1988) | HC | MS: increased | ||
| Plasma (Moyano et al., 2013) | HC | MS: no difference | ||
| C18:0 | Plasma (Hon et al., 2011) | HC | MS: increased | |
| Plasma (Navarro and Segura, 1988) | HC | MS: decreased | ||
| Plasma (Moyano et al., 2013) | HC | MS: no difference | ||
| C18:2 (linoleic acid, a polyunsat omega-3-FA) | Plasma (Navarro and Segura, 1988) | HC | MS: decreased | The decrease was correlated with EDSS |
| C20:4 (arachidonic acid) | Plasma (Navarro and Segura, 1988) | HC | MS: decreased | |
| C16:1—subgroup uncertain | Plasma (Navarro and Segura, 1988) | HC | MS: increased | |
| C20:0—subgroup uncertain | Plasma (Navarro and Segura, 1988) | HC | MS: increased | |
| C24:0—subgroup uncertain | Plasma (Moyano et al., 2013) | HC | RRMS: no difference | |
| C24:1—subgroup uncertain | Plasma (Moyano et al., 2013) | HC | RRMS: no difference | |
| Plasma (Navarro and Segura, 1988) | HC | MS: increased | ||
| 27-Hydroxycholesterol | Plasma (Narayanaswamy et al., 2015) | HC | MS: decreased | HC > MS > OND |
| Plasma (Narayanaswamy et al., 2015) | OND | MS: increased | ||
| 7a-Hydroxycholesterol | Plasma (Narayanaswamy et al., 2015) | HC | MS: decreased | |
| SM C18:2n-6 | Plasma (Hon et al., 2011) | HC | MS: decreased | |
| NEFAs | Plasma (Hon et al., 2011) | HC | MS: increased | |
| C18:2n-6 | Plasma (Hon et al., 2011) | HC | MS: increased | |
| C20:4n-6 | Plasma (Hon et al., 2011) | HC | MS: increased | |
| C16:1n-7 | Plasma (Hon et al., 2011) | HC | MS: increased | |
| C18:1n-7 | Plasma (Hon et al., 2011) | HC | MS: increased | |
| C18:1n-9 | Plasma (Hon et al., 2011) | HC | MS: increased | |
| C14:0 | Plasma (Hon et al., 2011) | HC | MS: increased | |
| Fatty acid (refer to Dicken et al.) | Serum (Dickens et al., 2014) | RRMS | SPMS: decreased | |
| Glycerol | Serum (Cocco et al., 2015) | HC | MS: decreased | |
| 3-Hydroxybutyrate (b-hydroxybutyric acid) | Urine (Gebregiworgis et al., 2016) | HC and NMO | MS: increased | |
| Acetoacetate | Serum (Cocco et al., 2015) | HC | MS: increased | |
| Acetone | Serum (Cocco et al., 2015) | HC | MS: increased | |
| 1-Monopalmitin | CSF (Park et al., 2016) | HC | MS: increased | |
| 1-Monostearin | CSF (Park et al., 2016) | HC | MS: increased | |
| PC C20:4n-6 | Venous Blood (Hon et al., 2009b) | HC | MS: decreased | Levels are inversely correlated with EDSS |
| HDL-Cholesterol | Serum (Salemi et al., 2010) | HC | MS: increased | |
| Phosphatidylinositol | Serum (Vergara et al., 2015) | HC | RRMS: increased | Lipid species m/z 861,640 (could have been phosphatidylglycerol) |
| CL 72:8 | Serum (Vergara et al., 2015) | HC | RRMS: increased | |
| CL 74:10 | Serum (Vergara et al., 2015) | HC | RRMS: increased | |
| C18:1n-11 | Serum (Vergara et al., 2015) | HC | RRMS: increased | |
| C18:3n-6 | Serum (Vergara et al., 2015) | HC | RRMS: decreased | |
| C20:4n-6 | Serum (Vergara et al., 2015) | HC | RRMS: increased | |
| Sat-FA | Serum (Vergara et al., 2015) | HC | RRMS: decreased | |
| MonoUnsat-FA | Serum (Vergara et al., 2015) | HC | RRMS: increased | |
| PolyUnsat-FA | Serum (Vergara et al., 2015) | HC | RRMS increased | |
| LysoPC (16:0, 18:0, 18:1) | Serum (Del Boccio et al., 2011) | HC | RRMS: decreased | |
| LysoPE (24:1/0:0) | Serum (Del Boccio et al., 2011) | HC | RRMS: increased | |
| 15-Hydroxyeico-satetraenoic acid | CSF (Pruss et al., 2013) | Less active MS | Active MS: increased | |
| PGE | CSF (Pruss et al., 2013) | Less active MS | Active MS: increased | |
| Resolvin D1 (DHA-derived) | CSF (Pruss et al., 2013) | Active MS | Active MS: increased | |
| Pentadecanoic acid | CSF (Park et al., 2016) | HC | MS: increased | HC < remitting MS < relapsing MS |
| Oleic acid | CSF (Park et al., 2016) | HC | MS: increased | HC < remitting MS < relapsing MS |
| Amino acid metabolism and derivatives | ||||
| L-Asparagine | Plasma (Poddighe et al., 2017) | HC | MS: increased | |
| L-Ornithine | Plasma (Poddighe et al., 2017) | HC | MS: increased | |
| L-Glutamate | Plasma (Poddighe et al., 2017) | HC | MS: increased | |
| CSF (Sinclair et al., 2010) | IIH and “other diseases” | MS: increased | ||
| CSF (Pieragostino et al., 2015) | HC | MS: increased | ||
| Serum (Moussallieh et al., 2014) | NMO | MS: decreased | ||
| L-Glutamine | CSF (Lim et al., 2017) | HC | MS: decreased | RRMS < CPMS |
| Plasma (Poddighe et al., 2017) | HC | MS: increased | ||
| Serum (Moussallieh et al., 2014) | HC | MS: decreased | MS > NMO | |
| Pyroglutamate | CSF (Kim et al., 2017) | HC | MS: increased | |
| Plasma (Poddighe et al., 2017) | HC | MS: decreased | ||
| Methionine | Serum (Bystricka et al., 2017) | HC | SPMS: decreased | |
| RRMS: decreased | ||||
| CSF (Park et al., 2016) | HC | MS: increased | ||
| Glutathione | Serum (Bystricka et al., 2017) | HC | SPMS: decreased | |
| RRMS: decreased | ||||
| Tryptophan | Serum (Cocco et al., 2015) | HC | MS: decreased | |
| CSF (Aeinehband et al., 2016) | OND | SPMS: decreased | ||
| 5-Hydroxytryptophan | Serum (Cocco et al., 2015) | HC | MS: decreased | |
| Quinolinic acid | Serum (Lim et al., 2017) | HC | PPMS: increased | PPMS > SPMS > RRMS > HC |
| SPMS: increased | ||||
| Kynurenic acid | Serum (Lim et al., 2017) | HC | RRMS: increased | |
| PPMS: decreased | ||||
| SPMS: decreased | ||||
| Picolinic acid | Serum (Lim et al., 2017) | HC | RRMS: increased | |
| PPMS: decreased | ||||
| SPMS: decreased | ||||
| 3-Hydroxykynurenine | Serum (Lim et al., 2017) | HC | PPMS: increased | PPMS > SPMS |
| SPMS: increased | ||||
| QA/KA | Serum (Lim et al., 2017) | HC | PPMS: increased | PPMS > SPMS |
| SPSM: increased | ||||
| CSF (Aeinehband et al., 2016) | Remitting RRMS | Relapsing RRMS: increased | ||
| KA/KYN | CSF (Aeinehband et al., 2016) | OND | PPMS: increased | |
| SPMS: decreased | ||||
| Alanine | Serum (Cocco et al., 2015) | HC | MS: increased | |
| CSF (Sinclair et al., 2010) | IIH and “other diseases” | MS: decreased | ||
| Lysine | Serum (Moussallieh et al., 2014) | NMO | MS: decreased | |
| Serum (Moussallieh et al., 2014) | HC | MS: increased | ||
| Valine | CSF (Park et al., 2016) | HC | MS: increased | |
| CSF (Kim et al., 2017) | Remitting MS | Relapsing MS: decreased | ||
| Serum (Moussallieh et al., 2014) | HC | MS: decreased | ||
| Homocysteine | Serum (Salemi et al., 2010) | HC | MS: increased | |
| Isoleucine | CSF (Park et al., 2016) | HC | MS: increased | |
| CSF (Kim et al., 2017) | Remitting MS | Relapsing MS: decreased | ||
| Phenylalanine | CSF (Park et al., 2016) | HC | MS: increased | |
| CSF (Reinke et al., 2014) | Non-MS Control | MS: decreased | ||
| Tyrosine | CSF (Park et al., 2016) | HC | MS: increased | |
| Leucine | CSF (Park et al., 2016) | HC | MS: increased | |
| Proline | CSF (Park et al., 2016) | HC | MS: increased | |
| Putrescine | CSF (Park et al., 2016) | HC | MS: increased | HC < remitting MS < relapsing MS |
| Oxoproline (pyro-glutamate/glutamic acid) | CSF (Park et al., 2016) | HC | MS: increased | HC < remitting MS < relapsing MS |
| Carbohydrate metabolism and derivatives | ||||
| Pentosidine (derive from ribose) | Plasma (Sternberg et al., 2011) | HC | MS: increased | |
| Fructose | Plasma (Poddighe et al., 2017) | HC | MS: decreased | |
| CSF (Regenold et al., 2008) | HC | RRMS: increased | ||
| SPMS: increased | ||||
| Myo-inositol | CSF (Reinke et al., 2014) | Non-MS controls | MS: increased | |
| Plasma (Poddighe et al., 2017) | HC | MS: decreased | ||
| Scyllo-inositol | Serum (Moussallieh et al., 2014) | NMO | MS: increased | |
| Threose | CSF (Park et al., 2016) | HC | MS: increased | |
| Threonate (threonic acid) | Plasma (Poddighe et al., 2017) | HC | MS: decreased | |
| CSF (Reinke et al., 2014) | Non-MS controls | MS: increased | ||
| Glucose | Serum (Cocco et al., 2015) | HC | MS: decreased | |
| Serum (Dickens et al., 2014) | RRMS | SPMS: decreased | ||
| CSF (Kim et al., 2017) | HC and NMO | MS: decreased | ||
| Lactate | CSF (Lim et al., 2017) | HC | MS: decreased | |
| CSF (Regenold et al., 2008) | HC | RRMS: increased | ||
| SPMS: increased | ||||
| Sorbitol | CSF (Regenold et al., 2008) | HC | RRMS: increased | |
| SPMS: increased | ||||
| Mannose | CSF (Reinke et al., 2014) | Non-MS controls | MS: decreased | |
| Others | ||||
| Phosphate | Plasma (Poddighe et al., 2017) | HC | MS: decreased | |
| Choline | CSF (Reinke et al., 2014) | Non-MS controls | MS: increased | |
| Serum (Cocco et al., 2015) | HC | MS: increased | ||
| Trimethylamine N-oxide | Urine (Gebregiworgis et al., 2016) | HC | MS: increased | |
| Acetate | CSF (Kim et al., 2017) | HC and NMO | MS: decreased | |
| Serum (Moussallieh et al., 2014) | NMO | MS: decreased | ||
| CSF (Sinclair et al., 2010) | IIH and “other diseases” | MS: increased | ||
| Vitamin E | Serum (Salemi et al., 2010) | HC | MS: decreased | |
| Citrate | CSF (Kim et al., 2017) | HC | MS: decreased | |
| CSF (Sinclair et al., 2010) | IIH and “other diseases” | MS: decreased | ||
| CSF (Reinke et al., 2014) | Non-MS controls | MS: decreased | ||
| Oxaloacetate | CSF (Sinclair et al., 2010) | IIH and “other diseases” | MS: decreased | |
| Amyloid | ||||
| ABX-38 | CSF (Augutis et al., 2013) | HC | RRMS: decreased | |
| SPMS: decreased | ||||
| ABX-40 | CSF (Augutis et al., 2013) | HC | RRMS: decreased | |
| SPMS: decreased | ||||
| ABX-42 | CSF (Augutis et al., 2013) | HC | RRMS: decreased | |
| SPMS: decreased | ||||
| a-sAPP | CSF (Augutis et al., 2013) | HC | RRMS: decreased | |
| SPMS: decreased | ||||
| b-sAPP | CSF (Augutis et al., 2013) | HC | RRMS: decreased | |
| SPMS: decreased | ||||
| Glycolic acid—classification uncertain | CSF (Park et al., 2016) | HC | MS: increased | |
| Polyol—classification uncertain | RRMS | SPMS: increased | ||
| 2-Aminobutyrate (a-aminobutyric acid) | CSF (Sinclair et al., 2010) | IIH and “other diseases” | MS: increased | |
| 1,3-Dimethylurate (dimethyluric acid) | CSF (Sinclair et al., 2010) | IIH and “other diseases” | MS: increased | |
| IgG | CSF (Lim et al., 2017) | HC | MS: increased | |
| Inosine | CSF (Park et al., 2016) | HC | MS: increased | |
| Butane-2 3-diol | CSF (Park et al., 2016) | HC | MS: increased | |
| 2-Hydroxypyridine | CSF (Park et al., 2016) | HC | MS: increased | HC < remitting MS < relapsing MS |
| 3-Hydroxybutyrate (b-hydroxybutyric acid) | CSF (Park et al., 2016) | HC | MS: increased | HC < remitting MS < relapsing MS |
| Serum (Cocco et al., 2015) | HC | MS: increased | ||
| Serum (Dickens et al., 2014) | RRMS | SPMS: increased | ||
| CSF (Reinke et al., 2014) | Non-MS controls | MS: decreased | ||
| CSF (Sinclair et al., 2010) | IIH and “other diseases” | MS: decreased | ||
| Urine (Gebregiworgis et al., 2016) | HC | MS: decreased | ||
| 2-Hydroxybutyrate (a-hydroxybutyric acid) | CSF (Kim et al., 2017) | HC | MS: increased | |
| Formate | CSF (Kim et al., 2017) | HC | MS: increased | |
| 2-Hydroxyisovalerate (2-hydroxyisovaleric acid) | CSF (Reinke et al., 2014) | Non-MS controls | MS: decreased | |
| 3-Hydroxyisovalerate (3-hydroxyisovaleric acid) | Urine (Gebregiworgis et al., 2016) | HC | MS: increased | |
| Creatinine | Urine (Gebregiworgis et al., 2016) | HC | MS: decreased | |
| Hippurate (hippuric acid) | Urine (Gebregiworgis et al., 2016) | HC | MS: increased | |
| Malonate (malonic acid) | Urine (Gebregiworgis et al., 2016) | HC | MS: increased | |
| Methylmalonate (methylmalonic acid) | Urine (Gebregiworgis et al., 2016) | HC | MS: decreased |