Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of patients who developed distant metastases during follow-up compared to those who did not
| Variable | Total n = 262 | Follow-up metastases n = 50 (group B1) | No follow-up metastases n = 212 (group B2) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment, n (%) | |||||
| SIRT + sorafenib | 122 (46.6) | 26 (52.0) | 96 (45.3) | 0.3917 | |
| Sorafenib | 140 (53.4) | 24 (48.0) | 116 (54.7) | ||
| Sex, n (%) | |||||
| Female | 32 (12.2) | 5 (10.0) | 27 (12.7) | 0.5951 | |
| Male | 230 (87.8) | 45 (90) | 185 (87.3) | ||
| Age | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 66.0 (8.2) | 64.8 (6.9) | 66.3 (8.5) | 0.2230 | |
| Median (IQR) | 66.0 (12.0) | 65.5 (10.0) | 66.0 (13.0) | ||
| Age category, years | |||||
| <65 | 114 (43.5%) | 21 (42.0%) | 93 (43.9%) | 0.8106 | |
| ≥65 | 148 (56.5%) | 29 (58.0%) | 119 (56.1%) | ||
| BMI | |||||
| Missing | 4 (1.5%) | 0 | 4 (1.9%) | 0.7466 | |
| Mean (SD) | 27.6 (4.6) | 27.4 (4.2) | 27.6 (4.7) | ||
| Median (IQR) | 27.0 (5.4) | 26.8 (4.7) | 27.1 (6.0) | ||
| ECOG, n (%) | |||||
| Missing | 4 (1.5) | 0 | 4 (1.9) | 0.3940 | |
| 0 | 188 (72.9) | 33 (66.0) | 155 (74.5) | ||
| 1 | 69 (26.7) | 17 (34.0) | 52 (25.0) | ||
| 2 | 1 (0.4) | 0 | 1 (0.5) | ||
| Liver cirrhosis, n (%) | |||||
| Missing | 3 (1.1) | 1 (2.0) | 2 (0.9) | 0.4265 | |
| No | 43 (16.6) | 10 (20.4) | 33 (15.7) | ||
| Yes | 216 (83.4) | 39 (79.6) | 177 (84.3) | ||
| Child-Pugh, n (%) | |||||
| A | 245 (93.5) | 48 (96.0) | 197 (92.9) | 0.4271 | |
| B | 17 (6.5) | 2 (4.0) | 15 (7.1) | ||
| Hepatitis B, n (%) | |||||
| No | 238 (90.8) | 46 (92.0) | 192 (90.6) | 0.7519 | |
| Yes | 24 (9.2) | 4 (8.0) | 20 (9.4) | ||
| Hepatitis C, n (%) | |||||
| No | 195 (74.4) | 32 (64.0) | 163 (76.9) | 0.0603 | |
| Yes | 67 (25.6) | 18 (36.0) | 49 (23.1) | ||
| Alcohol, n (%) | |||||
| No | 143 (54.6) | 33 (66.0) | 110 (51.9) | 0.0714 | |
| Yes | 119 (45.4) | 17 (34.0) | 102 (48.1) | ||
| Previous therapies, n (%) | |||||
| TACE | 69 (26.3) | 18 (36.0) | 51 (24.1) | 0.0846 | |
| TAE | 3 (1.1) | 1 (2.0) | 2 (0.9) | 0.5276 | |
| Resection | 32 (12.2) | 5 (10.0) | 27 (12.7) | 0.5951 | |
| RFA | 28 (10.7) | 6 (12.0) | 22 (10.4) | 0.7383 | |
| Brachytherapy | 5 (1.9) | 0 | 5 (2.4) | 0.2729 | |
| Number of lesions, n (%) | |||||
| Missing | 3 (1.1) | 1 (2.0) | 2 (0.9) | 0.8347 | |
| 1 | 42 (16.2) | 8 (16.3) | 34 (16.2) | ||
| 2 | 32 (12.4) | 4 (8.2) | 28 (13.3) | ||
| 3 | 22 (8.5) | 6 (12.2) | 16 (7.6) | ||
| 4 | 8 (3.1) | 1 (2.0) | 7 (3.3) | ||
| 5–10 | 25 (9.7) | 5 (10.2) | 20 (9.5) | ||
| >10 | 130 (50.2) | 25 (51.0) | 105 (50) | ||
| Max. diameter of largest lesion | |||||
| Missing | 12 (4.6%) | 5 (10.0%) | 7 (3.3%) | 0.0369 | |
| Mean (SD) | 65.0 (39.7) | 76.1 (41.9) | 62.5 (38.9) | ||
| Median (IQR) | 56.0 (55.0) | 70.0 (59.0) | 54.0 (52.0) | ||
| Portal vein infiltration, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 117 (44.7) | 25 (50) | 92 (43.3) | 0.3982 | |
| Site of new extrahepatic metastases during follow-up (multiple sites possible), n (%) | |||||
| Adrenal gland | 9 (3.4 | 9 (18.0) | 0 | ||
| Bone | 7 (2.7) | 7 (14.0) | 0 | ||
| Pulmonary | 13 (5.0) | 13 (26.0) | 0 | ||
| Nodal | 19 (7.3) | 19 (38) | 0 | ||
| Peritoneal | 1 (0.4) | 1 (2) | 0 | ||
| Splenic | 2 (0.8) | 2 (4) | 0 | ||
| BCLC stage, n (%) | |||||
| A | 5 (1.9) | 0 | 5 (2.4) | 0.0120 | |
| B | 83 (31.7) | 8 (16.0) | 75 (35.4) | ||
| C | 174 (66.4) | 42 (84.0) | 132 (62.3) | ||
| HAP score, n (%) | |||||
| Missing | 62 (23.7) | 10 (20.0) | 52 (24.5) | 0.7269 | |
| 1 | 105 (52.5) | 20 (50) | 85 (53.1) | ||
| 2 | 70 (35) | 14 (35) | 56 (35) | ||
| 3 | 20 (10) | 4 (10) | 16 (10) | ||
| 4 | 5 (2.5) | 2 (5.0) | 3 (1.9) | ||
| AFP, ng/mL | |||||
| Missing | 14 (5.3%) | 4 (8.0%) | 10 (4.7%) | 0.1881 | |
| <400 | 166 (66.9%) | 27 (58.7%) | 139 (68.8%) | ||
| ≥400 | 82 (33.1%) | 19 (41.3%) | 63 (31.2%) | ||
| Up-to-7 criterion, n (%) | |||||
| Missing | 13 (5.0) | 3 (6) | 10 (4.7) | 0.2607 | |
| Inside | 40 (16.1) | 5 (10.6) | 35 (17.3) | ||
| Outside | 209 (83.9) | 42 (89.4) | 167 (82.7) | ||
| Duration of follow-up, months | |||||
| Missing | 4 (1.5%) | 0 | 4 (1.9%) | 0.5604 | |
| Mean (SD) | 13.8 (9.1) | 14.5 (10.1) | 13.6 (8.9) | ||
| Median (IQR) | 12.0 (11.7) | 13.0 (9.9) | 11.9 (12.1) | ||
AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; BCLC, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer; ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; HAP, hepatoma-arterial embolization prognostic; RFA, radiofrequency ablation; SIRT, selective internal radiation treatment; TACE, transarterial chemoembolization; TAE, transarterial embolization.