Table 1.

Assessing PD with DHT

Symptoms	Measures	Technologies	Devices	Applications
Motor Bradykinetic gait dysfunction	Gait quality (e.g., speed, symmetry, arm swing) Gait quantity (e.g., number of gait bouts and duration of bouts) Turning parameters Prevalence and duration of freezing events (e.g., freezing index) Halts/hesitations Reduced amplitude and speed of limb movement Repetitive tapping exercises	IMU (accelerometers, gyroscopes, and magnetometers) EMG Force sensors (insoles) EEG Geolocation (e.g., GPS) Touchscreen; pressure related	Smartphones and tablets Smartwatches Sensor straps (e.g., ankle bands) Body-applied sensors (e.g., skin patches) Garments or shoes with embedded sensors Portable EEG devices (e.g., headbands) In-home sensors (e.g., radio frequency)	Monitoring treatment response Measuring disease progression Identifying prodromal PD Documenting the impact of stress/anxiety Predicting conversion to manifest PD Patient stratification in clinical trials
Bradykinetic limb dysfunction (hands or feet)	Performance on bradykinesia-provoking tasks (e.g., finger tapping) Amplitude and quantity of hand/arm movements Metrics derived from naturally occurring typing behavior Gait quality (see above)	IMU EMG Computer keyboard Smartphone/tablet screen
Tremor	Duration Amplitude Frequency Ability to draw figures	IMU EMG Digital pen/drawing tablet
Falls and postural instability	Number of (near-) fall incidents Predictors of falls (e.g., gait variability) Quality of postural transitions (e.g., sit-to-stand) Postural changes	IMU Barometers (measuring changes in altitude) Radio frequency
Dyskinesia	Duration Severity Body location	IMU Video cameras
Dysarthria and hypophonia	Phonation Articulation Prosody Intelligibility Reaction time Volume/intensity	Microphones for voice recording and analysis
Cognitive Global cognition	Performance on self-administered digital cognitive tests (e.g., digital clock drawing test] Eye-tracking metrics (e.g., amplitude, latency, and frequency] Online tests of visuo-perceptual deficits	Computer/tablet/mobile phone-based cognitive tasks Cognitive testing software Digital pen/drawing tablet Eye-tracking technology	Smartphones Drawing tablets Computers Eye-tracking glasses Wearable sensors for gait assessment (see above]	Quantifying predementia cognitive decline Detecting dementia Recruitment for clinical trials Monitoring disease progression Monitoring treatment response
Language and memory	Speech metrics: Semantics Grammar Repetitions Reaction time	Microphones for voice recording and analysis
Executive functions	Performance on self-administered digital cognitive tests (e.g., cognitive interference test] Dual-task walking speed	Cognitive testing software IMU
Sleep Sleep disturbance/ disorder	Sleep quality Sleep efficiency Sleep duration Nocturnal activity (e.g., dream-enacting behavior, restless-legs syndrome, and nocturia]	IMU EEG EMG Radio frequency Pulse oximetry Bed sensors (e.g., pressure sensors]	Smartwatches and other wearable IMU Portable EEG and EMG devices In-home sensors Smart beds	Identifying persons at risk for PD (RBD) Monitoring disease progression Monitoring treatment response
Social behavior/activity Impaired social behavior/ activity	Mood Apathy Distance traveled outside of own home Physical (in] activity	Smartphone/tablet/computer usage Geolocation (e.g., GPS] IMU	Smartphones Tablets Computers Dedicated GPS devices	Monitoring treatment response Patient selection for clinical trials
Autonomic function Autonomic dysfunction	Heart rate metrics (e.g., heart rate variability] Skin impedance Frequency of bowel movements Presence of orthostatic hypotension Presence of nocturia	Photoplethysmography Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring IMU	Smartwatches Body-worn sensors Purpose-built blood pressure monitors	Monitoring prodromal PD Monitoring treatment response Differential diagnosis of PD vs. PD+ syndromes