Table 1.
Basic characteristics of study subjects at the baseline in 2005.
| Variables | Entire Population (N = 25,532) | High blood pressure (N = 15,027) | High cholesterol (N = 14,589) | Diabetes (N = 15,290) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Male | 9946 (39.0) | 5,671 (37.7) | 5,483 (37.6) | 5,855 (38.3) |
| Female | 15586 (61.0) | 9,356 (62.3) | 9,106 (62.4) | 9,435 (61.7) |
| Age, years | ||||
| Mean ± SD | 30.9 ± 8.4 | 32.1 ± 8.3 | 32.0 ± 8.3 | 32.3 ± 8.5 |
| Range | [16.0, 87.0] | [17.0, 87.0] | [17.0, 87.0] | [17.0, 87.0] |
| Age groups | ||||
| < 35 years old | 17950 (70.3) | 9,684 (64.4) | 9,544 (65.4) | 9,743 (63.7) |
| ≥ 35 years old | 7581 (29.7) | 5,343 (35.6) | 5,045 (34.6) | 5,547 (35.3) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | ||||
| Mean ± SD | 21.8 ± 3.6 | 21.9 ± 3.5 | 21.9 ± 3.6 | 22.0 ± 3.6 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||
| Never smokers | 18446 (72.2) | 11,069 (73.7) | 10,746 (73.7) | 11,215 (73.3) |
| Former smokers | 4809 (18.8) | 2,764 (18.4) | 2,687 (18.4) | 2,854 (18.7) |
| Current smokers | 2277 (8.9) | 1,196 (8.0) | 1,158 (7.9) | 1,223 (8.0) |
| Alcohol drinking, n (%) | ||||
| Non-users | 14828 (58.1) | 4,366 (29.1) | 4,252 (29.1) | 4,438 (29.0) |
| Former-users | 2247 (8.8) | 1,301 (8.7) | 1,247 (8.5) | 1,333 (8.7) |
| Occasional-users | 7015 (27.5) | 8,539 (56.8) | 8,282 (56.8) | 8,660 (56.6) |
| Current-users | 1086 (4.3) | 621 (4.1) | 604 (4.1) | 656 (4.3) |
| Moderate Exercise, n (%) | ||||
| 0 session/ week | 13089 (51.3) | 7,877 (52.4) | 7,625 (52.3) | 7,995 (52.3) |
| 1-2 sessions/ week | 5850 (22.9) | 3,409 (22.7) | 3,297 (22.6) | 3,469 (22.7) |
| At least three times a week | 5461 (21.4) | 3,128 (20.8) | 3,063 (21.0) | 3,193 (20.9) |
| Education levels, n (%) | ||||
| Junior high school or equivalent | 1226 (4.8) | 705 (4.7) | 698 (4.8) | 729 (4.8) |
| Completed high school or equivalent | 11730 (45.9) | 6,713 (44.7) | 6,613 (45.3) | 6,821 (44.6) |
| Post-high school diploma or certificate | 6230 (24.4) | 3,503 (23.3) | 3,434 (23.5) | 3,545 (23.2) |
| Bachelor or higher university degree | 6263 (24.5) | 4,063 (27.0) | 3,805 (26.1) | 4,150 (27.1) |
| Income (monthly), n (%) | ||||
| ≤ 3,000 Baht | 1496 (5.9) | 792 (5.3) | 789 (5.4) | 800 (5.2) |
| 3,001 – 7,000 Baht | 6617 (25.9) | 3,475 (23.1) | 3,473 (23.8) | 3,512 (23.0) |
| 7,001 – 10,000 Baht | 6457 (25.3) | 3,722 (24.8) | 3,664 (25.1) | 3,749 (24.5) |
| 10,001 – 20,000 Baht | 6543 (25.6) | 4,161 (27.7) | 4,006 (27.5) | 4,232 (27.7) |
| 20,001 – 30,000 Baht | 2046 (8.0) | 1,401 (9.3) | 1,294 (8.9) | 1,443 (9.4) |
| ≥ 30,000 Baht | 1877 (7.4) | 1,225 (8.2) | 1,106 (7.6) | 1,294 (8.5) |
| Incidence of self-reported morbidities (2005-2013), n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 1,055 (7.0) | |||
| Hyper cholesterol | 2,589 (17.7) | |||
| Diabetes | 304 (2.0) | |||
| Prevalence of self-reported comorbidities (until 2005), n (%) | ||||
| Cancer | 221 (0.9) | 102 (0.7) | 94 (0.6) | 102 (0.7) |
| Stroke | 57 (0.2) | 32 (0.2) | 30 (0.2) | 39 (0.3) |
| Coronary heart disease | 106 (0.4) | 54 (0.4) | 51 (0.3) | 60 (0.4) |
| Asthma | 1013 (4.0) | 568 (3.8) | 551 (3.8) | 576 (3.8) |
| Chronic bronchitis | 550 (2.2) | 327 (2.2) | 317 (2.2) | 329 (2.2) |
| High blood pressure | 1324 (5.2) | - | 740 (5.1) | 855 (5.6) |
| Diabetes | 325 (1.3) | 180 (1.2) | 170 (1.1) | - |
| High cholesterol | 2922 (11.4) | 1881 (12.5) | - | 1993 (13.0) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 15875 (62.2) | 7,853 (52.3) | 7,686 (52.7) | 7,930 (51.9) |
| Living with partner or married | 8511 (33.3) | 6,500 (43.2) | 6,250 (42.8) | 6,672 (43.6) |
| Divorced or separated | 979 (3.8) | 567 (3.8) | 545 (3.7) | 582 (3.8) |
| Widowed | 167 (0.7) | 117 (0.8) | 114 (0.8) | 119 (0.8) |
| High fat consumption (Deep fried food) | ||||
| Never or less than once a month | 707 (2.8) | 433 (2.9) | 420 (2.9) | 432 (3.0) |
| 1-3 times per month | 3583 (14.0) | 2,108 (14.0) | 2,039 (14.0) | 2,153 (14.8) |
| 1-2 times per week | 7568 (29.6) | 4,481 (29.8) | 4,366 (29.9) | 4,586 (31.4) |
| 3-6 times per week | 9278 (36.3) | 5,409 (36.0) | 5,227 (35.8) | 5,507 (37.7) |
| Once a day or more | 4158 (16.3) | 2,458 (16.4) | 2,401 (16.5) | 2,486 (17.0) |
| High sodium consumption (Canned food) | ||||
| Never or less than once a month | 9063 (35.5) | 5,510 (36.7) | 5,336 (36.6) | 5,624 (36.8) |
| 1-3 times per month | 10910 (42.7) | 6,446 (42.9) | 6,257 (42.9) | 6,566 (42.9) |
| 1-2 times per week | 3894 (15.3) | 2,183 (14.5) | 2,130 (14.6) | 2,204 (14.4) |
| 3-6 times per week | 1184 (4.6) | 644 (4.3) | 627 (4.3) | 648 (4.2) |
| Once a day or more | 237 (0.9) | 105 (0.7) | 103 (0.7) | 104 (0.7) |
| High sugar consumption (Food/dessert with coconut milk) | ||||
| Never or less than once a month | 3805 (14.9) | 2,224 (14.8) | 2,164 (14.8) | 2,271 (14.9) |
| 1-3 times per month | 8495 (33.3) | 5,045 (33.6) | 4,917 (33.7) | 5,143 (33.6) |
| 1-2 times per week | 7504 (29.4) | 4,449 (29.6) | 4,305 (29.5) | 4,518 (29.5) |
| 3-6 times per week | 4221 (16.5) | 2,458 (16.4) | 2,363 (16.2) | 2,492 (16.3) |
| Once a day or more | 1312 (5.1) | 742 (4.9) | 729 (5.0) | 754 (4.9) |
| Sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption | ||||
| Never or less than once a month | 5979 (23.4) | 3,761 (25.0) | 3,632 (24.9) | 3,810 (24.9) |
| 1-3 times per month | 6332 (24.8) | 3,816 (25.4) | 3,693 (25.3) | 3,916 (25.6) |
| 1-2 times per week | 5598 (21.9) | 3,314 (22.1) | 3,205 (22.0) | 3,356 (21.9) |
| 3-6 times per week | 4718 (18.5) | 2,587 (17.2) | 2,534 (17.4) | 2,628 (17.2) |
| Once a day or more | 2668 (10.4) | 1,418 (9.4) | 1,393 (9.5) | 1,443 (9.4) |
| Vegetables consumption (serves/day) | ||||
| 0 serve/day | 409 (1.6) | 238 (1.6) | 234 (1.6) | 241 (1.6) |
| 1 serve/day | 12574 (49.2) | 7,475 (49.7) | 7,214 (49.4) | 7,608 (49.8) |
| 2 serves/day | 6913 (27.1) | 4,142 (27.6) | 4,041 (27.7) | 4,223 (27.6) |
| 3 serves/day | 2738 (10.7) | 1,587 (10.6) | 1,543 (10.6) | 1,609 (10.5) |
| More than 3 serves/day | 2200 (8.6) | 1,223 (8.1) | 1,198 (8.2) | 1,242 (8.1) |
| Fruit consumption (serves/day) | ||||
| 0 serve/day | 758 (3.0) | 437 (2.9) | 433 (3.0) | 449 (2.9) |
| 1 serve/day | 8637 (33.8) | 5,143 (34.2) | 4,954 (34.0) | 5,243 (34.3) |
| 2 serves/day | 5946 (23.3) | 3,548 (23.6) | 3,445 (23.6) | 3,615 (23.6) |
| 3 serves/day | 3770 (14.8) | 2,265 (15.1) | 2,216 (15.2) | 2,307 (15.1) |
| More than 3 serves/day | 5725 (22.4) | 3,270 (21.8) | 3,179 (21.8) | 3,305 (21.6) |
| City of residence, n (%) | ||||
| Bangkok | 14854 (58.2) | 8,719 (58.0) | 8,452 (57.9) | 8,912 (58.3) |
| Nonthaburi | 3012 (11.8) | 1,751 (11.7) | 1,668 (11.4) | 1,773 (11.6) |
| Samut Prakarn | 2816 (11.0) | 1,688 (11.2) | 1,649 (11.3) | 1,717 (11.2) |
| Phathum Thani | 2246 (8.8) | 1,246 (8.3) | 1,209 (8.3) | 1,252 (8.2) |
| Nakhon pathom | 1486 (5.8) | 937 (6.2) | 922 (6.3) | 942 (6.2) |
| Samutsakorn | 1118 (4.4) | 686 (4.6) | 689 (4.7) | 694 (4.5) |