Table 4.
Estimated Hazard Ratios (95% CI) for self-reported morbidities in 2005–2013 for an increment of IQR increase in pollutant concentrations.
| PM10 (μg/m3) | O3 (ppb) | NO2 (ppb) | SO2 (ppb) | CO (ppm) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High blood pressure | |||||
| Model I | 1.52 (1.40, 1.64)* | 0.82 (0.74, 0.91)* | 0.95 (0.88, 1.03) | 1.93 (1.73, 2.14)* | 1.15 (1.08, 1.24)* |
| Model II | 1.55 (1.43, 1.67)* | 0.77 (0.70, 0.86)* | 0.94 (0.86, 1.01) | 2.28 (2.05, 2.54)* | 1.16 (1.08, 1.24)* |
| Model III | 1.54 (1.42, 1.67)* | 0.77 (0.69, 0.86)* | 0.93 (0.86, 1.02) | 2.32 (2.07, 2.60)* | 1.15 (1.07, 1.24)* |
| Model IV | 1.13 (1.04, 1.23)* | 0.89 (0.80, 0.99)* | 1.01 (0.94, 1.09) | 1.22 (1.08, 1.38)* | 1.07 (1.00, 1.15) |
| Model V | 1.18 (1.07, 1.30)* | 0.90 (0.80, 1.02) | 1.03 (0.94, 1.13) | 1.66 (1.34, 2.07)* | 1.09 (1.00, 1.18)* |
| High cholesterol | |||||
| Model I | 1.62 (1.54, 1.69)* | 0.83 (0.78, 0.89)* | 0.89 (0.85, 0.94)* | 1.82 (1.71, 1.95)* | 1.03 (0.99, 1.08) |
| Model II | 1.62 (1.55, 1.70)* | 0.80 (0.75, 0.86)* | 0.87 (0.82, 0.92)* | 2.06 (1.92, 2.20)* | 1.02 (0.97, 1.07) |
| Model III | 1.63 (1.55, 1.70)* | 0.80 (0.75, 0.86)* | 0.85 (0.81, 0.90)* | 2.11 (1.96, 2.26)* | 1.02 (0.97, 1.07) |
| Model IV | 1.07 (1.02, 1.12)* | 1.00 (0.93, 1.07) | 0.97 (0.92, 1.02) | 1.20 (1.11, 1.30)* | 1.02 (0.97, 1.07) |
| Model V | 1.10 (1.04, 1.16)* | 1.03 (0.95, 1.11) | 0.93 (0.87, 0.99)* | 1.68 (1.48, 1.91)* | 1.02 (0.96, 1.07) |
| Diabetes | |||||
| Model I | 1.71 (1.48, 1.96)* | 0.83 (0.68, 1.01) | 0.95 (0.83, 1.10) | 1.71 (1.40, 2.10)* | 1.07 (0.93, 1.22) |
| Model II | 1.76 (1.53, 2.02)* | 0.78 (0.64, 0.95)* | 0.92 (0.79, 1.07) | 2.15 (1.74, 2.65)* | 1.05 (0.92, 1.21) |
| Model III | 1.81 (1.56, 2.09)* | 0.81 (0.66, 1.00)* | 0.89 (0.75, 1.05) | 2.19 (1.75, 2.75)* | 1.04 (0.89, 1.20) |
| Model IV | 1.05 (0.91, 1.21) | 0.97 (0.78, 1.21) | 1.04 (0.89, 1.22) | 1.21 (0.92, 1.60) | 1.06 (0.92, 1.22) |
| Model V | 1.09 (0.91, 1.30) | 1.01 (0.79, 1.30) | 0.97 (0.81, 1.17) | 1.88 (1.24, 2.85)* | 1.00 (0.85, 1.18) |
Significance indicated by *P < 0.05. Model I: no adjustment; Model II: adjusted for age and sex; Model III: further adjusted for BMI, smoking status, alcohol intake, physical activity, food consumption, intake of fruit and vegetables, marital status, education level, and income. Specifically, food consumption in model III: high blood pressure models adjusted for high sodium consumption; high cholesterol models adjusted for high fat consumption; diabetes models adjusted for high sugar consumption and sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption. Model IV (Main model): further adjusted for temperature and relative humidity; Model V: further adjusted for other self-reported comorbidities and city of residence.