Table 1.
| Characteristic | Value |
|---|---|
| COVID-19 positive by RT-PCR | 0 (0) |
| Age at the time of testing (y) | 68 ± 9.6 |
| Sex | |
| Female | 885 (58.8) |
| Male | 620 (41.2) |
| Race/ethnicity | |
| American Indian/Alaskan Native | 4 (0.3) |
| Asian | 11 (0.7) |
| Black | 6 (0.4) |
| Hispanic or Latino | 11 (0.7) |
| Non-Hispanic white | 1457 (96.8) |
| Unknown | 16 (1.1) |
| Rurality | |
| Living in rural area | 312 (20.7) |
| Living in urban area | 1193 (79.2) |
| Socioeconomic status (HOUSES index in quartile) | |
| 1 (lowest) | 174 (12.3) |
| 2 | 362 (25.5) |
| 3 | 402 (28.3) |
| 4 (highest) | 482 (33.9) |
| Missing | 85 (5.6) |
| Education level | |
| High school or less | 139 (10.6) |
| Some college | 427 (32.4) |
| Four year college graduate | 406 (30.8) |
| Graduate or professional school | 345 (26.2) |
| Missing | 188 (12.5) |
| Smoking status | |
| Never | 951 (64.9) |
| Former | 477 (32.6) |
| Current | 37 (2.5) |
| Missing | 40 (2.7) |
| Chronic illnessc | |
| Any conditions | 908 (60.3) |
| Hypertension | 576 (38.3) |
| Coronary heart disease | 23 (1.5) |
| Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) 72 (4.8) | |
| Chronic kidney diseases | 119 (7.9) |
| Chronic liver diseases | 32 (2.1) |
| Immune suppressive conditions | 70 (4.7) |
| Malignant tumor | 212 (14.1) |
| Congestive heart failure | 44 (2.9) |
| Asthma | 118 (7.8) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 70 (4.7) |
| Any other heart or lung disease | 304 (20.2) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 164 (10.9) |
a
BMI, body mass index; COVID-19, coronavirus disease; HOUSES, Housing-based Socioeconomic Index; RT-PCR, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.
b
Data are presented as mean ± SD or as No. (percentage).
c
Chronic illnesses were defined using electronic health records within 1 y of enrollment in the parent study.